Nanotechnological approaches are emerging as one of the most contemporary restoration strategies that may be used to remove a variety of contaminants from the environment, including heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants. The application of nanoparticles (NPs) is entrenched with biological processes to boost up the removal of toxic compounds from contaminated soils. Many efforts have been taken to increase the effectiveness of phytoremediation such as the addition of chemical additives, application of rhizobacteria, and genetic engineering, etc. In this context, the integration of nanotechnology with bioremediation has introduced new dimensions to the reclamation methods. Thus, advanced remediation methods that combine nanotechnology with phytoremediation and bioremediation, where nanoscale process regulation aids in the absorption and breakdown of pollutants. NPs absorb/adsorb a variety of contaminants and also catalyze reactions by lowering the energy required for their breakdown due to unique surface properties. As a result, these nanobioremediation procedures decrease the accumulation of contaminants while simultaneously limiting their dispersal from one medium to another. Therefore, the present review is dealing with all the possibilities of the application of NPs for restoration of contaminated soils.

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Интерес к изучению сорбционных способностей почв, обменных катионов, сорбции и адсорбции, исследованию взаимодействий между органическими и минеральными компонентами в современной литературе связан не только с выяснением механизмов образования гумусовых веществ специфической и неспецифической природы, но и формированием почвенного поглощающего комплекса. Важность вопроса связана и с современным экологическим состоянием почв и биосферы, в связи с всевозрастающими антропогенными нагрузками. Цель: выявить основные тенденции в становлении, развитии и современном состоянии проблемы изучения сорбционных свойств почв и процессов, связанных с ними. Задачи: исследование возникновения, становления и развития науки о поглотительной способности почв, почвенно-поглощающем комплексе, сорбционных процессах происходящих в почве, обменных и поглощенных катионах; освещение кинетики процесса; анализ современной литературы, посвященной вопросам взаимодействия ППК, глинистых минералов, органо-минеральных соединений с веществами, поступающими из вне; матричная, фрактальная и кластерная организация почв. При современной антропогенной нагрузке и всевозрастающей интенсификации сельскохозяйственного производства, происходит усиленная распашка угодий, что приводит к сдвигу равновесия коллоидной системы в сторону коагуляции. Но, согласно последним полученным данным, пахотные почвы, выведенные из сельскохозяйственного оборота, способны к самовосстановлению, что проявляется в первую очередь в восстановлении их коллоидной системы до исходного состояния. Равновесие сдвигается в сторону пептизации. Современные представления о почвах, как коллоидно-гелевой матрице позволяют взглянуть на них как на системы, в которых почвенные свойства определяются состоянием и свойствами почвенных гелей, образованных в результате взаимодействия гумусовых веществ и минеральных наночастиц. Минералорганические компоненты, образующиеся на поверхности минеральных соединений почв и ее агрегатов с помощью адсорбции молекул органических соединений, приводят к сильной трансформации поверхности. Результатом этих процессов является специфичность и избирательность поверхности в поглощении ряда веществ.

Purpose: To assess the current ecological condition of the survey site located in the Republic of Karelia and intended for laying a non-public railway track. To analyze the component of the environment — the soil, for compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation. To establish the category of soil pollution in accordance with Sanitary and Epidemiological Standards and Regulations SanPiN 2.1.3684 and the rules for further use in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.3685. Methods: To assess the degree of soil contamination with heavy metals and organic ecotoxicants, samples have been taken from 14 test sites. Assessment of the degree of soil contamination with heavy metals and benz(a)pyrene has been carried out in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685. The assessment of the degree of contamination of soils with petroleum products has been carried out in accordance with a letter from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation. The assessment of the danger of soil pollution has been carried out according to several indicators (Tables 4.3–4.5 of SanPiN 2.1.3685): –- a complex of metals for public health is made according to the indicator of total pollution (Zc); –- the presence/absence of excess over the established maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and approximately permissible concentrations (APC). The pollution category is determined by the worst indicator. When establishing pollution categories worse than “permissible”, recommendations have been developed for the further use of contaminated soils (Appendix No. 9 to SanPiN 2.1.3684). Results: As a result of the tests conducted, it was determined that the soil samples collected from the survey area for the construction of a non-public railway section comply with the soil pollution category of “Permissible” and, according to the rules of further usage, fall under the classification of “Unrestricted Use”. Practical Significance: The investigated soils meet all the requirements of the regulatory documentation and can be used without restrictions for the construction of the non-public railway section.

The issues of mutual influence of forest and soil attract the attention of researchers not only in theory, but also in practice, especially in the forest-steppe and steppe regions of the country. The researchers drew attention to the rapid changes in soil properties associated with forest planting. In addition, the composition and properties of soils are affected by the rock composition of forest belts. The main chemical, physical, and physical-chemical properties of ordinary chernozems under forest stands, of different rock composition, were studied. The same indicators were investigated in the chernozems occupied by arable land. It is shown that protective forest strips do not significantly affect the physical properties of soils. Chemical and physical-chemical properties change under the influence of wood crops. The gross content and mobile compounds of heavy metals in chernozems occupied by tree species were studied. It is shown that various HM and their compounds have their own characteristics of content and intra-profile distribution. The content and distribution of heavy metals is determined by the pH value, the content and distribution of silty particles, and humus (Corg). In addition, the nature of vegetation and various types of wood species have a significant impact on the content and profile distribution of heavy metals.