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Two-wave mixing of phase-modulated light beams in crystals of cubic symmetry is analyzed on the basis of the vectorial theory of light diffraction. We derive an analytical expression for phase-to-intensity transformation in crystals of the 43m point group of symmetry, which differs from the previously obtained solution based on the scalar approach. The most effective transformation is achieved when the amplitude of the space-charge-field grating is equal to the quarter-wave field. It is shown that the space-charge-field grating created in GaP semi-insulating crystal at the wavelength of 632 nm is much smaller than can be predicted from the one-level band-transport model.