Although the RPE in the irradiated area was preserved, 12 months after PDT, mild choriocapillaris occlusion was detected in the irradiated area in eyes that had undergone multiple PDT sessions.

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in industrial world and is rapidly becoming an important cause in developing countries. Many factors related with the severity of diabetic retinopathy, such as HbA1c and serum lipid. The study wants to know whether those factors have any correlation with the severity of diabetic retinopathy or not. The objective this study was to determine the correlation between HbA1c and serum lipid with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. An analytic cross sectional observational research had been done at Saiful Anwar hospital. The samples (diabetic retinopaty patients) were taken with consecutive sampling. These patient underwent funduscopy, fundus photography, laboratory examination including HbA1c, serum lipid (total serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides), and blood glucose. These patient were questioned about risk factors previously determined by the authors. The laboratory findings were thease are compared to the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Patient were classified into 2 group, mild and severe diabetic retinopathy. A total of 38 patients were selected, consisted of 20 males, 18 females. Nineteen patients had mild diabetic retinopathy, and the rests had severe diabetic retinopathy. Logistic regression analysis found that there was a significant correlation between HbA1c with the severity of diabetic retinopathy (p=0.017). An increases of 1% in HbA1c will result in two folds (1,995) increases, in probability of severity of diabetic retinopathy. The cut off value for HbA1c was 8.147%. The variables of total serum cholesterol (p= 0.338), LDL (p=0.241), HDL (p=0.685), and triglycerides (p=0.127) were not significant..There was significant correlation between HbA1c with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. There was no significant correlation of serum lipid with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. The higher level HbA1c influences the severity of diabetic retinopathy.

Ang-2 has a role for pericyte migration on diabetic rats through Tie-2 receptor, ERK1/2 and Akt/PKB pathways. ERK1/2 is a dominant pathway based on the ability to supress another pathway activity and decreasing pericyte migration on diabetic rats.

Background: Progressive and irreversible vision loss has been shown to place a patient at risk of mental health problems such as anxiety. However, the reported prevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders among eye disease patients vary across studies. Thus, this study aims to clarify the estimated prevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders among ophthalmic disease patients. Methods: Relevant studies on the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders among eye disease patients were collected through international databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A random-effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders among ophthalmic disease patients. Results: The 95 included studies yielded a pooled prevalence of 31.2% patients with anxiety symptoms and 19.0% with anxiety disorders among subjects with ophthalmic disease. Pediatric patients were more anxious (58.6%) than adults (29%). Anxiety symptoms were most prevalent in uveitis (53.5%), followed by dry eye disease (DED, 37.2%), retinitis pigmentosa (RP, 36.5%), diabetic retinopathy (DR, 31.3%), glaucoma (30.7%), myopia (24.7%), age-related macular degeneration (AMD, 21.6%), and cataract (21.2%) patients. Anxiety disorders were most prevalent in thyroid eye disease (TED, 28.9%), followed by glaucoma (22.2%) and DED (11.4%). When compared with healthy controls, there was a twofold increase on the prevalence of anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.912, 95% CI 1.463–2.5, p < 0.001) and anxiety disorders (OR = 2.281, 95% CI 1.168–4.454, p = 0.016). Conclusion: Anxiety symptoms and disorders are common problems associated with ophthalmic disease patients. Thus, comprehensive and appropriate treatments are necessary for treating anxiety symptoms and disorders among ophthalmic disease patients.

Background: Nocturia is a common urinary system disease. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the causes of nocturia in women Indonesian inhabitants aged≥ 40 years. Methods: A stratified sample strategy was used to conduct a randomized cross-sectional study on 562 residents under the age of 40 in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. A questionnaire was completed, which included socioeconomic demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and clinical history. Each night, nocturia was defined as at least two voids. The chi-squared test was used to determine proportional differences between age and gender groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess gender-related factors. This was determined that P0.05 was statistically significant. Results: Data on 562 people aged 61.60 + 9.81 years eligible for statistical analysis at the end, comprising 185 (32.92%) men and 377 (67.08%) women. Overall nocturia prevalence was 31.8% (179/562). It rose significantly with age (P<0.001) and reached >48% in those above the age of 70. In both men and women, nocturia was linked with diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) (P0.05). There was no link discovered between nocturia and education, profession, civil status, BMI, female birth history, or the International Prostate Symptom Score. Conclusion: Nocturia is linked to aging, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, OABSS, and diabetes in Indonesians over the age of 40.