Chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation were studied in 97 populations of cork oak (Quercus suber) in Morocco; in 31 of these populations, holm oak (Quercus ilex), a clearly distinct species, also occurred and was compared with Q. suber. Three cpDNA and one mtDNA primer pairs were used in the survey, each in combination with one restriction enzyme. Six haplotypes belonging to two very divergent lineages were detected; one lineage predominates in each species, and is probably ancestral, as inferred from comparisons with other oak species. In the mixed-species populations, cytoplasmic genomes were frequently shared across species, as indicated by an introgression ratio of 0.63. This index is a new measure of the propensity of species to share locally genetic markers, varying from zero (complete differentiation) to one (no differentiation). By contrast, more closely related deciduous oak species (Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens) have introgression ratios varying from 0.82 to 0.97. The introgression events appear to have been more frequent in the direction Q. ilex (female) x Q. suber (male), a finding which seems attributable to the flowering phenology of these two species. This asymmetry may have favoured immigration of Q. suber beyond its main range, in regions already colonized by Q. ilex. There, rare hybridization and further introgression through long distance pollen flow have established populations that are morphologically indistinguishable from Q. suber but that have cytoplasmic genomes originating from the local Q. ilex populations.

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Background:This ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study was conducted in the High Atlas Central of Morocco. Its aim is to promote the use of medicinal plants through the realisation of an inventory of these plants and their therapeutic uses in this region. Methods: The ethnopharmacological surveys conducted in the field from 2015 to 2017 have allowed filling 1192 questionnaires. Information was collected by an ethnobotanical and a floristic survey with using open-ended and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student's t test; Quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as Fidelity Level (FL), Relative Citation Frequency (RCF) Frequency (F), and Family Importance Value (FIV) were also used to compare data. The medicinal plants were collected, identified

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