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Please cite this article in press as: Comín, F.A., et al., A protocol to prioritize wetland restoration and creation for water quality improvement in agricultural watersheds. Ecol. Eng. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.059 ARTICLE IN PRESSG Model ECOENG 2560 1-9 Ecological Engineering xxx (2013) xxx-xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectEcological Engineering j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / e c o l e n g A protocol to prioritize wetland restoration and creation for water quality improvement in agricultural watersheds With adequate planning, wetland restoration and creation can be useful tools for improving the water quality of natural ecosystems in agricultural territories. Here, a protocol for selecting wetland-restoration sites at the watershed scale is proposed as part of a demonstration project (EU Life CREAMAgua) for improving wastewater from irrigated agricultural land discharging into the Flumen River (Ebro River Valley, NE Spain). This watershed is semiarid, and 70% of its 1430-km 2 area is used for irrigated agriculture. A preliminary study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the Flumen River and its watershed identified nitrates as the key water-quality characteristic in terms of data variability. The protocol consisted of five steps that encompassed scientific-technical, social and economic criteria. The first step was to select all of the sites in the watershed that had the hydrogeomorphic characteristics of a wetland. The second step was to estimate the levels of nitrate discharge through all of the tributaries discharging to the river and to select the sub-watersheds that contributed the most nitrates. The program SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), which considers the biophysical characteristics and land uses of the watershed, including farming practices, was utilized in these first two steps. In the third step, a first-order arearemoval model was used to rank wetlands for nitrate removal. The wetland sites that were estimated to be most efficient for nitrate removal were selected. These wetland sites were located in the agricultural zone within the watershed, where fertilizers and irrigation are intensively used. In the next step, the previously selected sites were considered based on a social-availability criterion (the potential to obtain at no cost the land required to restore or create wetlands at those sites). Finally, the concordance between site availability and funding was used to sequentially select 15 sites (135 ha) that would be cost-effective for the Flumen River watershed project, which provided a case study. This protocol is compared to previously published protocols with the same purpose, and the applications of this procedure are discussed in terms of up-scaling and integrating experience in land-use and agricultural policies.

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A detailed understanding of the study area is essential to achieve key information and optimize the monitoring, analysis, and evaluation of water quality of natural ecosystems that have been highly transformed into agricultural areas. Using classification techniques like the hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) and partial triadic analysis (PTA), we assessed the sources of water pollution and the seasonal influence of human activities in water composition in a river basin from northeastern Spain. The results suggested that a strong connection existed between water quality and the seasonality of the human activities. The CA showed the spatial relationship between water chemistry and the adjacent land uses. The PTA associated the analyzed variables to their pollutant source. Electrical conductivity (EC), Cl(-), SO4(2-)-S, Na(+), and Mg(2+) ions were related with agricultural sources, whereas NH4(+)-N, PT, and PO4(3-)-P were linked with urban polluted sites. Concentration of NO3(-)-N was associated with urban land use. Differences in water composition according to the irrigation intensity were also found during the irrigation season. The statistical tools used in this work, especially the PTA, allowed us to jointly analyze the spatial and seasonal components of water pollutant trends. We obtained a more comprehensive knowledge of water quality patterns in the study area, which will be essential when taking measures to minimize the effects of water pollution.