Sleeping and eating before and during an ultramarathon can directly affect an athlete's performance, who may also have their physiological adaptations and recovery process hindered by sleeping problems. Endurance and ultra-endurance athletes may have different sleep and nutrition profiles. Thus, this study aimed to describe the sleep profile (during preparation) and nutritional profile (during competition) of endurance (10-20km) and ultra-endurance (50-100km) running athletes. For this, 16 healthy volunteers answered questionnaires related to sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index), chronotype (morningness-eveningness questionnaire), and sleepiness (excessive daytime sleepiness questionnaire). Immediately after a competition, a form prepared by the research team about nutritional variables and volunteers' food records during the competition was applied. According to test scoring criteria (Pittsburgh sleep quality index >5; sleepiness >10), endurance running athletes showed low sleep quality. In addition, all athletes showed consumption of carbohydrates and lipids below the recommended, but excessive consumption of proteins. A positive association between sleepiness and sodium intake in endurance runners was observed (r=0.862; p=0.027). Sleep efficiency and race time showed a negative correlation only for ultraendurance athletes (r=-0.834; p=0.039). The data obtained show that endurance athletes presented more sleep pattern alterations, however, endurance and ultra-endurance athletes showed inadequate nutritional consumption during the competition.
Considering the challenges in meeting the high nutritional demand during ultramarathons, the aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional strategies and glycemic response of an athlete with type 1 diabetes (DM1) during participation in a 217-km ultramarathon. A 36-y-old male athlete who was diagnosed with DM1 15 y earlier was studied during participation in the Brazil 135 ultramarathon. Food consumption and blood glucose were recorded during the race, and nutritional intake was calculated after the race. The athlete completed the race in 51 h 18 min. He consumed a total of 3592 kcal, 532 g carbohydrate, 166 g protein, 92 g lipid, and 14 L of water during the race. Glycemic values ranged from 3.6 to 18.2 mmol•L -1 . Most glycemic values (47%) ranged from 3.9 to 10 mmol•L -1 , whereas 5% were <3.9 mmol•L -1 , 16% were >10 to 13.9 mmol•L -1 , and 32% were >13.9 mmol•L -1 . This case report describes the dietary profile of an athlete with DM1 during a 217-km ultramarathon. Although the athlete implemented strategies that differed from those recommended in the literature, food and nutrient intake and the glycemic management strategy adopted allowed him to successfully finish the race. These results suggest that past personal experiences can be considered and that nutritional recommendations for athletes with DM1 should be individualized.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by abnormal sensations in the lower limbs and negatively impacts on sleep. Dopaminergic agonists (pramipexole, PPX) may be used in the treatment. However, chronic use may cause worsening of symptoms (augmentation). Physical exercise (PE) also may be effective in reducing RLS symptoms and improving the sleep pattern. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of PPX and acute PE on locomotor activity (RLS symptoms) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Animals were distributed into 4 groups: Saline, PPX1 (0.1 mg/kg) at 75 days of age, PPX2 (0.05 mg/kg) at 91 days of age and PPX3 (0.05 mg/kg) at 125 days of age.The animals received a daily injection of PPX or saline (07:00 h) for 48 days. The PE (treadmill) consisted of a single session (30 min) at 20–22 m/min. The evaluation of locomotor activity (open field) was performed at baseline and weekly, after administration of the drug. Both PPX and PE caused changes in locomotor activity (RLS symptoms), on specific days. The groups that received PPX had weight changes when compared with the saline groups, but without manifestation of the augmentation.
A Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (SPI) é uma patologia sensoriomotora crônica, com impacto negativo no sono e na qualidade de vida. Ela é caracterizada por sensações anormais nos membros inferiores, com piora noturna e alívio com a movimentação e apresenta relação com o envelhecimento. Em seu tratamento, são utilizados agonistas dopaminérgicos, como o pramipexol (PPX). O uso crônico de PPX, ou mesmo o aumento da dose, podem causar um efeito denominado síndrome do aumento (augmentation). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do PPX, durante 45 dias em um modelo animal. Foram utilizados ratos SHR com três diferentes idades: com 75 (PPX1 e Salina), 91 (PPX2) e 125 dias de idade (PPX3 e salina). Os animais dos grupos PPX e Salina receberam por 45 dias, no mesmo horário (7AM), uma injeção diária de pramipexol e salina respectivamente. A dose inicial para os grupos PPX1 (n=6) e Salina (n=4) foi de com 0,1mg/kg nas quatro primeiras semanas, e de 0,25mg/kg na quinta e sexta semana. Já os grupos PPX2 (n=4) e PPX3 (n=4), receberam droga nas quatro primeiras semanas de 0,05mg/kg e na quinta e sexta semana de 0,25mg/kg. A avaliação da atividade motora dos animais (teste open field) foi realizada nos momentos basal, e semanalmente antes da administração da droga. Os resultados demonstraram de forma geral que os grupos que receberam PPX tiveram alterações de peso e de comportamento na ambulação periférica, total e rearing em relação ao grupo Salina.
A Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (SPI) é um distúrbio do movimento relacionado ao sono, que gera alterações no padrão de sono, devido a incômodos nos membros inferiores. Há duas formas de tratamento, o farmacológico e o não farmacológico (exercício físico/suplementação de ferro). O tratamento farmacológico (agonista dopaminérgico) pode apresentar duas consequências: 1ª denominado rebote, a 2ª síndrome do aumento (argmentation). O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se uma sessão de exercício físico pode influenciar nos sintomas da SPI. OS animais receberam um agonista dopaminérgico Pramipexol (PPX) ou salina por 49 dias, passaram pelo teste de campo aberto (avaliação da atividade locomotora), e uma única sessão de exercício físico na esteira ao término dos 49 dias de tratamento com a droga. Todos os grupos que receberem PPX mostraram diferença do momento basal para o 49º dia (após o exercício) nos parâmetro Ambulação Total e Rearing. No parâmetro Freezing, após o exercício, o grupo PPX 0.05 OLD se diferenciou de todos em todos os momentos. Assim, concluímos que os grupos que receberam a droga PPX apresentaram um padrão de comportamento diferente do grupo salina nos momentos de primeira dose e após o 43º dia de droga. O exercício físico demonstrou causar alterações no comportamento parecidas com as do medicamento PPX. Além disso, não foram demonstrados sintomas do augmentation ao longo do experimento.
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