Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, an aberrant autoimmune response to self-antigens, which affect organs and tissues. There are several immune-pathogenic pathways, but the exact one is still not well known unless it is related to genetics. SLE and other autoimmune diseases are known to be inseparable from genetic factors, not only pathogenesis but also regarding the response to therapy. Seventy-one human studies published in the last 10 years were collected. Research communications, thesis publication, reviews, expert opinions, and unrelated studies were excluded. Finally, 32 articles were included. A polymorphism that occurs on the genes related to drugs pharmacokinetic, such as CYP, OATP, ABC Transporter, UGT, GST or drug-target pharmacodynamics, such as FCGR, TLR, and BAFF, can change the level of gene expression or its activity, thereby causing a variation on the clinical response of the drugs. A study that summarizes gene polymorphisms influencing the response to SLE therapy is urgently needed for personalized medicine practices. Personalized medicine is an effort to provide individual therapy based on genetic profiles, and it gives better and more effective treatments for SLE and other autoimmune disease patients.

The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that ensuring access to effective and optimal treatment is a key component to eradicate tuberculosis (TB) through the End TB Strategy. Personalized medicine that depends on the genetic profile of an individual is one way to optimize treatment. It is necessary because of diverse drug responses related to the variation in human DNA, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ethambutol (EMB) is a drug widely used as the treatment for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) and/non-tuberculous mycobacteria and has become a potential supplementary agent for a treatment regimen of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. In human genetic polymorphism studies of anti-tuberculosis, the majority focus on rifampicin or isoniazid, which discuss polymorphisms related to their toxicity. Whereas there are few studies on EMB, the incidence of EMB toxicity is lower than that of other first-line anti-TB drugs. To facilitate personalized medicine practice, this article summarizes the genetic polymorphisms associated with alterations in the pharmacokinetic profile, resistance incidence, and susceptibility to EMB toxicity. This study includes 131 total human studies from 17 articles, but only eight studies that held in the low-middle income country (LMIC), while the rest is research conducted in developed countries with high incomes. Personalized medicine practices are highly recommended to maintain and obtain the optimal therapeutic effect of EMB.

Nasopharyngeal cancer is the ninth most common cancer in indonesia. The death of cancer patients is not only caused by the cancer itself, but also several other factors such as the side effects of chemotherapy. Some side effects that occurred are decrease in leukocytes and incidence of neutropenia. Neutropenia is the highest hematological toxicity caused by chemotherapy treatment which has final manifestation are death from systemic infection. The purpose of this study is to compare three chemotherapy regimens in causing a decrease in leukocytes and the incidence of neutropenia to the patients with nasopharyngeal cancer in RSUP. Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. The three chemotherapy regimens compared in this study are cisplatin, cisplatin / 5-FU, and carboplatin / Paclitaxel. This research is an analytic observational study with retrospective data collection and cross-sectional analytic design. The data were obtained from the medical records of inpatients with nasopharyngeal cancer during January -December 2015, total data 86 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient[s] (>18 y.o, female and male) data had been analyzed in this study. The results showed that there is no significant differences (p> 0.05) in the three regimens in causing the reduction of leukocyte (p=0.327) and the average of Absolute Neutrofil Count (p=0.240). The percentage of neutropenia incidence in cisplatin regimen is 8.3%, in cisplatin / 5-FU is 14.3%, and in carboplatin / paclitaxel is 18.6%.

Previous studies have indicated that genetic variations in individuals may result in changes in gene expression and amino acids. The effect of these changes may lead to different responses to platinum-based chemotherapy. A vast response rate interval and a short survival rate indicate that the efficacy and efficiency of the selection of chemotherapy have not been optimized. This article aims to illustrate the potential relationship of various genetic polymorphisms in response to platinum-based chemotherapy for several types of cancer. This review was conducted using articles from the last three-and five-year periods (2014-2019) that use gene polymorphism and its relationship to the efficacy of platinumbased chemotherapy as their theme. A total of 26 out of 488 relevant articles were included based on specific criteria. Through various mechanisms, genes, including ERCC1, ERCC2/ XPD,