Two facile and efficient methods, to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) particles with different morphologies, have been reported here. Thermal decomposition route yielded micron sized irregular shaped ZnO particles. While co‐precipitation method rendered transparent flakes which then transformed to hexagonal discs with relatively more uniform size and shape. These hexagonal discs were further converted to the cone type morphology when hexamethylenetetramine was added in the precursor solution. However, spherical type ZnO nanoparticles were obtained by incorporating polyvinyl alcohol during co‐precipitation strategy. XRD confirmed the formation of wurtzite structure in all the samples. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of ZnO characteristic peaks. Moreover, 3‐D directional growths and the presence of UV‐Vis broadband multi‐absorption peaks, and green to orange photoluminescence emissions confirmed the potential application of the synthesized ZnO particles in various piezoelectric and luminescence applications.

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Probiotic yeast enhanced the ruminal gut microbial balance by producing intercellular effectors and important metabolites. The impact of yeast addition on animal health is influenced by different interlinked factors including animal genomics, its gut microbiota, and environment. Therefore, all factors should be considered regarding achieving the maximum outputs from animal probiotic yeast. In the situation of a high feeding cost, microbial feed supplements provide a suitable nutritional approach, which allows increased nutrient digestion rate and accordingly improves animal performance. Many yeast products are commercially available, but their efficiency as probiotic dietary addition in a particular breed is mostly questionable. Therefore, identification of ideal probiotic yeast strain is of great interest in this context. Innovative methods in relation to develop new probiotic are mainly focused on the exploring novel microbial strains from indigenous sources. It has been noted that for the identification of best probiotic strain for the host, a linkage between cultureindependent and culture-dependent methods is a functional step. In this chapter, we will discuss the mode of action of probiotic yeast on animal lower gut microbiota and identification of ideal probiotic yeast by using advanced molecular methods.

Objective: To determine the frequency of common complications of thyroid surgery by two types of surgeons. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi & Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, from Jan 2013 to Dec 2017. Methodology: This study was conducted to assess the role of surgical skills in complications of thyroid surgery. Surgeons performing surgery for more than 5 years were considered expert and less than 5 years of experience were considered trainee for this specific surgery. Complications by both were analyzed by SPSS-21 and descriptive statistics were applied. Results: A total of 482 surgeries were performed. Out of 407 were female and 75 were males. Mean age was 43.55 ± 10.9 years. Expert surgeons performed 300 cases and 16 (5.3%) experienced some complication in 6 months of follow up.182 cases were performed by surgeons with lesser experience and 14 (7.5%) cases developed complications over the period of follow up. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in 2 (0.67%) of experienced surgeons cases while 6 cases (3.2%) of less experienced surgeons had the similar complication. Conclusion: While the overall complication rates are not much different between experienced and lesser experienced surgeons, the rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is significantly more, though still within the acceptable international complication rate for this particular surgery.