Different factors influence the development and control of ageing. It is well known that progressive telomere shorting is one of the molecular mechanisms underlying ageing. The shelterin complex consists of six telomere-specific proteins which are involved in the protection of chromosome ends. More particularly, this vital complex protects the telomeres from degradation, prevents from activation of unwanted repair systems, regulates the activity of telomerase, and has a crucial role in cellular senescent and ageing-related pathologies. This review explores the organization and function of telomeric DNA along with the mechanism of telomeres during ageing, followed by a discussion of the critical role of shelterin components and their changes during ageing.

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According to global statistics, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide (Carlson et al., 2012). WHO estimates that by the year 2050, there will be 27 million new occurrences and 17.5 million deaths from cancer (Torre et al., 2015). Anticancer agents such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and cisplatin present many limitations that hinder the effectiveness of chemotherapy. These limitations include poor solubility in aqueous solutions, non-specific distribution

The melatonin hormone secreted by the pineal gland is involved in physiological functions such as growth and maturation, circadian cycles, and biological activities including antioxidants, anti‐tumor, and anti‐ischemia. Melatonin not only interacts with proteins but also has functional effects on regulatory RNAs such as long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). In this study, we overview various physiological and pathological conditions affecting melatonin through lncRNA and miRNA. The information compiled herein will serve as a solid foundation to formulate ideas for future mechanistic studies on melatonin. It will also provide a chance to more clarify the emerging functions of the non‐coding transcriptome.