Nowadays, carbon nano (CN) structures and specifically carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of the nanotube’s nanoscale shape, are widely used in carrier and separation applications. The conjugation of CNTs with polysaccharide, proteins, drugs, and magnetic nanoparticles provides a chance for smart targeting and trajectory manipulation, which are used in the crucial field of life science applications, including for cancer disease diagnostics and treatments. Providing an optimal procedure for delivering a drug to a specific area based on mathematical criteria is key in systemic delivery design. Trajectory guidance and applied force control are the main parameters affected by systemic delivery. Moreover, a better understanding of the tissue parameters and cell membrane molecular behaviour are other factors that can be indirectly affected by the targeted delivery. Both sides are an essential part of successful targeting. The lung is one of the challenging organs for drug delivery inside the human body. It has a large surface area with a thin epithelium layer. A few severe diseases directly involve human lung cells, and optimal and successful drug delivery to the lung for the treatment procedure is vital. In this paper, we studied functionalized CNTs’ targeted delivery via crossing through the lung cell membrane. Molecular dynamics (MD) software simulated all the interaction forces. Mathematical modelling of the cell membrane and proposed delivery system based on the relation of velocity and force has been considered. Dynamics equations for CNTs were defined in the time and frequency domain using control theory methods. The proposed delivery system consists of two main parts: crossing through the cell membrane and targeting inside the cell. For both steps, a mathematical model and a proper magnetic field profile have been proposed. The designed system provides criteria for crossing through the cell membrane within 30 s to 5 min and a translocation profile of 1 to 100 Å.

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Recently, Carbon Nano (CN) structures are widely used in medical applications, especially the detection and treatment of cancer disease. Among various types of CNs, Carbone Nano Tubes (CNTs) attracted many researchers' attention to consider them toward clinical application. Regarding the intrinsic structure of CNTs, they can be used widely in drug delivery applications. Functionalized CNTs and conjugated with drug and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), represents an opportunity toward targeted drug delivery. In the mentioned system, MNPs play as a magnetic actuator, which can be externally excited. Delivery of the drug to a specific area, specifically inside the cellular membrane, is essential. To conduct a well-designed delivery system, the interaction force profile is needed to cross the CNTs through the membrane. The process is the primary point in a targeted drug delivery system. In this study, the computational analysis of crossing functionalized /CNTs containing anti-cancer drug through the cell membrane (lung cell) are investigated. The mathematical model shows the frequency behaviour of the cell membrane and provides a physical relation between crossing velocities and interaction forces. In this paper, the result is based on a complex Molecular scale simulation in which they entirely compute the producer of drug delivery. The dynamics equation of the system is presented in the time and frequency domain, which can lean to provide an optimal external magnetic field profile. This design helps nanotechnologist to precisely analyze drug delivery dynamics during the time and how to implement in clinical applications. The results provide an optimal profile to deliver the drug and crossing through the cell membrane in 30 seconds, 1, 2 and 5 minutes.

Introduction: Due to the vulnerability of the elderly in the community and the increase in their population and the problems occurring due to aging in the elderly, the present study aimed to investigate the frailty elderly syndrome, general health and cognitive disorders in the elderly in Ilam in 2020. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 267 elderly referring to teaching hospitals in Ilam. Data collection tools were GHQ-28, MMSE and Edmonton questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.24 statistical software using independent t-test, chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, one-way and two-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and linear regression. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of the overall score of general health, frailty elderly syndrome and cognitive disorders in the studied elderly were 44.38±13.43, 9.29±2.98 and 23.40±6.49, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between cognitive disorders with age, marital status, education and underlying diseases and also between frailty elderly syndrome with age, marital status, place of residence, gender, education, type of insurance and some underlying diseases (P <0.001). There was a significant relationship between general health of the elderly and pulmonary disease (P = 0.03). Conclusion: The general health of the elderly was low so that most of the elderly suffered from mild symptoms, the greatest effect was related to depression and then anxiety (psychological dimension). Regarding cognitive disorders, a large number of patients did not have any pathological disorders. The rate of frailty elderly syndrome was high in the study population. Keywords: frailty elderly syndrome, Cognitive disorders, General health