Based on our results, we conclude that children with SRNS are less likely to seroconvert with vaccination. A higher dose (double) of hepatitis B vaccine should be used for vaccinating such patients. Anti-HBs titers should be monitored in SRNS patients post-vaccination, and a booster should be given if titers fall to <10 mIU/mL.

Objective:The objective of the study was to evaluate the etiology of hospital-acquired hyponatremia (HAH) and its effects on morbidity and mortality in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patients.Design:This study design was a prospective observational case–control study.Setting:this study was conducted at tertiary care PICU.Materials and Methods:All consecutive cases admitted with at least one measured serum sodium (PNa) value were evaluated. Those with normal admission PNa were followed till they develop hyponatremia (PNa < 35 mEq/L) 7 days or PICU discharge whichever was earlier.Results:During the study period, 123 (19.6%) cases developed HAH and 126 patients remained isonatremic (control group). The admission PNa 138.8 ± 3.03 mEq/L decreased to 132 ± 2.58 mEq/L (drop of 6.68 ± 3.39 mEq/L, P < 0.001) in HAH cases. The use of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-stimulating drugs (odds ratio [OR]: 2.83, P = 0.01), postsurgical status (OR: 2.95, P = 0.006), and fluid intake ml/kg (OR: 1.0, P = 0.001) were found to be significant risk factors in HAH group on multivariate analysis. HAH cases had prolonged PICU stay (P = 0.000) and mechanical ventilation (P = 0.01), but no difference in the mortality when compared to controls.Conclusions:HAH is associated with increased fluid intake, presence of ADH-stimulating drugs or conditions, and postsurgical status and has an adverse effect on the outcome of PICU patients.

Chest trauma is one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity in pediatric trauma patients. The complexity, magnitude, and type of lung injury make it extremely challenging to provide optimal oxygenation and ventilation while protecting the lung from further injury due to mechanical ventilation. Independent lung ventilation is used sporadically in these patients who do not respond to these conventional ventilatory strategies using double-lumen endotracheal tubes, bronchial blocker balloons, etc. However, this equipment may not be easily available in developing countries, especially for pediatric patients. Here, we present a case of severe chest trauma with pulmonary contusion, flail chest, and bronchopleural fistula, who did not respond to conventional lung protective strategies. She was successfully managed with bronchoscopy-guided unilateral placement of conventional endotracheal tube followed by single lung ventilation leading to resolution of a chest injury.