Mucormycosis is an aggressive opportunistic infection ascribed to the inhalation of fungal spores which, normally infect the nose and paranasal sinuses. This fulminant form commonly infects immunosuppressed human hosts, especially patients with AIDS, poorly controlled diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, and those on long-term steroid use. The rise in patients with rhino-orbital mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 created havoc in this pandemic season. In this article, six cases of Covid-19 associated Mucormycosis are reported. The timely diagnosis and appropriate management of this deadly invasive disease can help to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate.Some healthy individuals too developed Mucormycosis (phycomycosis, zygomycosis) even when no risk factors were identified. Air conditioning can cause mucosal epithelium dryness, providing an optimal habitat for this organism to grow and multiply, thus leading to Mucormycosis.The global fatality rate for mucormycosis is 46%. Early diagnosis and therapy are crucial because mucormycosis has poor prognosis The diagnosis of mucormycosis depends on pathological findings, clinical features, and imaging, which plays a crucial role in defining the extent of the invasiveness.
Background: Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders, characterized by seizures, loss of consciousness, muscular contraction. Prevalence of epilepsy in India is about 1%. High medical care cost should be cause of concern for policy makers and service providers. Hence, a study was planned to analyse cost ratio and percentage cost variations of oral antiepileptic drugs available in India.Methods: An analytical study with maximum and minimum price of 10 tablets/capsules and syrup of one bottle of available strength of each drug was noted in Indian Rupee, using “Current Index of Medical Specialties” July to October 2020; “Drug Today” July To October 2020 volume-1 and “Indian Drug Review” 2020 volume-26 issue 6. Percentage cost variation and cost ratio for individual drugs was compared.Results: Significant cost variations were found in different brands of same drug. Among established oral antiepileptic drugs, Divalproex sodium 250 mg has highest cost ratio 16.071 and 1507.14% price variation and Clonazepam 0.25 mg with cost ratio 16.005 and 1500.55% price variation. Diazepam 2 mg has lowest cost ratio 1.024 and 2.43% price variation. Among newer oral antiepileptic drugs, Levetiracetam 500 mg has highest cost ratio 66.389 and 6538.93% price variation; least is Oxcarbazepine 450 mg with cost ratio 1.317 and 31.75% price variation.Conclusions: Epilepsy has long course of treatment. Increased adherence to treatment is achieved by switching to cost-effective therapy and by making Pharmacoeconomics an integral part of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Curriculum.
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