This study aims to examine the effect of the bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of profitability for the banking sector of Pakistan. To incorporate the issues of endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and profit persistence, we apply a generalised method of moments (GMM) technique under the Arellano–Bond framework to a panel of Pakistani banks that covers the period 2003–2017. The results of a dynamic panel data approach reveal that capital adequacy accelerates the profitability of the banking sector in Pakistan. Capital adequacy helps the financial system to absorb any negative shock by reducing the number of bank failures and losses. Conversely, our empirical investigation reveals that the liquidity ratio, business mix indicators, interest rates, and industrial production deteriorates the bank profitability. Liquidity risks enhance the probability of default risks and transmit into the unpaid loans and hence the lower return. Our empirical evidence further reveals that Pakistani banks are not getting any benefit of the economies of scale in terms of financial performance.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of health-care quality of emergency medical services on brand equity of cardiac institutes by using industry-specific measure, 5Qs model of health-care service quality (HCSQ). Design/methodology/approach Survey method technique has been used to collect data from the patients availing emergency medical services from 12 cardiac institutes. Effective responses have been received from 393 patients from four localities. Systematic sampling technique has been used to collect data from the respondents. Partial least square structural equation modeling using smartPLS 2.0 has been used to analyze the results. Findings Findings of the study reveal that HCSQ has weak relationship with hospital brand loyalty but strong relationship with brand image and brand awareness. Furthermore, brand awareness and brand image have strong relationship with brand loyalty. Furthermore, brand image and brand loyalty have strong relationship with overall hospital brand equity but found nonsignificant relationship of brad awareness with overall hospital brand equity. Originality/value The principal contribution of the paper is to provide the insight on the impact of emergency HCSQ on brand equity of the private cardiac hospitals. Second, this study is first in branding literature that has used industry-specific scale 5Qs model to measure the service quality of emergency medical care and its impact on private sector cardiac hospital’s brand equity. Previously researchers used generic scales that were insufficient to measure the service quality of specialized industries (Babakus and Mangold, 1992; Carman, 1990; Caro and Garcia, 2007).

Purpose: The objective of current research is to study the effect of value perceptions on student loyalty and satisfaction. Methodology: Final analysis was performed on 120 valid responses. Reliability of scale was checked by using cronbach's alpha statistics. Correlation analysis was employed to study the relationship between functional value, epistemic value, social value, conditional value, emotional value, image, monetary sacrifices, nonmonetary sacrifices, emotions, knowledge, satisfaction (independent variables) and intention to recommend (dependent variable).Further regression analysis was carried out in order to test the hypothesis. Findings: The statistical analysis of this research reveals that there is a positive and significant alliance between all variables. Further the research reveals that among other variables satisfaction has greater contribution towards building long term loyalty. Practical implication: This research highlight the need of improving business department in university of Sargodha for the attainment of loyal students as the outcomes of this paper shows that department is continuously working and have more loyal and satisfied students base than their competitors. Originality/value: To the best of researcher's knowledge this research is the best of its kind which studies student satisfaction and loyalty in business department of university of Sargodha.