Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type B contamination in cereals. Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. Consequently, based on the available data, it is difficult to identify factors influencing chemotype distribution and spread at the European level. Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000–2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F. graminearum, 479 F. culmorum, and 3 F. cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. The analysis of the currently available European dataset showed that in F. graminearum, the predominant genotype was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (82.9%), followed by 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (13.6%), and nivalenol (NIV) (3.5%). In F. culmorum, the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both, geographical and temporal patterns of trichothecene genotypes distribution were identified.

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Aspergillus niger, Botrytis aclada and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae are relevant seed-borne fungi of onion (Allium cepa L.) and are known as causal agents of black mould, neck rot and basal rot diseases, respectively. These pathogens can be transmitted from infected seeds to seedlings, sets or bulbs. They eventually kill the entire plant through degradation of the tissues. Different principles are suggested for their control. Botrytis squamosa, Cladosporium alliicepae and Stemphylium vesicarium, which cause several lesion on the onion leaves, can also occur on seeds but they are not able to demonstrate disease transmission to the plant parts. The role of other seed-borne fungi (namely, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus alutaceaus, A. flavus, Beauveria bassiana, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Colletotrichum dematium, Curvularia lunata, Drechslera australiensis, Humicola fuscoatra, Stemphylium botryosum, Trichoderma harzianum, T. pseudokoningii and Trichothecium roseum) on development of onion diseases is not known.

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