No abstract

The overall level of emissions from the Swiss passenger cars is strongly dependent on the fleet composition. Despite technology improvements, the Swiss passenger cars fleet remains emissions intensive. To analyze the root of this problem and evaluate potential solutions, this paper applies deep learning techniques to evaluate the inter-class (namely micro, small, middle, upper middle, large and luxury class) and intra-class (namely sport utility vehicle and non-sport utility vehicle) differences in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This paper takes full use of novel semi-supervised fuzzy C-means (SSFCM), random forest and AdaBoost models as well as model fusion to successfully classify passenger vehicles and enable segmentbased CO2 emission evaluations.

This paper aims to introduce a scientific Semi-Supervised Fuzzy C-Mean (SSFCM) clustering approach for passenger cars classification based on the feature learning technique. The proposed method is able to classify passenger vehicles in the micro, small, middle, upper middle, large and luxury classes. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed and compared with an unsupervised fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm and Swiss expert classification dataset. Experiment results demonstrate that the classification of SSFCM algorithm had better correlation with expert classification than traditional unsupervised algorithm. These results exhibit that SSFCM can reduce the sensitivity of FCM to the initial cluster centroids with the help of labeled instances. Furthermore, SSFCM results in improved classification performance by using the resampling technique to deal with the multi-class imbalanced problem and eliminate the irrelevant and redundant features.

There has been globally continuous growth in passenger car sizes and types over the past few decades. To assess the development of vehicular specifications in this context and to evaluate changes in powertrain technologies depending on surrounding frame conditions, such as charging stations and vehicle taxation policy, we need a detailed understanding of the vehicle fleet composition. This paper aims therefore to introduce a novel mathematical approach to segment passenger vehicles based on dimensions features using a means fuzzy clustering algorithm, Fuzzy C-means (FCM), and a non-fuzzy clustering algorithm, K-means (KM). We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithms and compare them with Swiss expert segmentation. Experiments on the real data sets demonstrate that the FCM classifier has better correlation with the expert segmentation than KM. Furthermore, the outputs from FCM with five clusters show that the proposed algorithm has a superior performance for accurate vehicle categorization because of its capacity to recognize and consolidate dimension attributes from the unsupervised data set. Its performance in categorizing vehicles was promising with an average accuracy rate of 79% and an average positive predictive value of 75%.

No abstract