Extensive use of pesticides and herbicides in the agricultural fields for the safeguard of crops engenders the huge concern regarding pollution of these agricultural fields as well as directly or indirectly linked to aquatic environment. In order to find out the apt bioremediation techniques that could be potentially used against these highly noxious agricultural pollutants, utilization of fungi and their associated enzymes like laccases and others may be an imperative tool against these pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides. Fungal system including fungal enzymes have proved their efficacy in the degradation studies of malathion (1), acetamiprid (2), 2, 4-D (3), chlorimuron-ethyl, imidacloprid (4), flubendiamide (5), thiamethoxam (6), pyrimethanil (7), cypermethrin (8), nicosulfuron (9), chlorpyrifos (10), isoproturon (11), chlorothalonil (12), DDT (13), atrazine (14), and alachlor (15) like agricultural organic pollutants which have been meritoriously and succinctly conferred here. There are limited recent works on fungal system-mediated bioremediation of pesticides and herbicides in compare to bacterial system that is why; authors have objectively decided to compile the recent promising researches on the topic to provide an effective and informative update on the significant applicability of fungal system in the removal of such organic pollutants. Herein, authors have best tried to present a clear, subject-centric and compact picture on the operative contribution of fungal systems (fungi and associated enzymes) in the biodegradation of different pesticides/insecticides or herbicides.
In the present time of speedy developments and industrialization, heavy metals are being uncovered in aquatic environment and soil via refining, electroplating, processing, mining, metallurgical activities, dyeing and other several metallic and metal based industrial and synthetic activities. Heavy metals like lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), Zinc (Zn), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), and many other are considered as seriously noxious and toxic for the aquatic environment, human, and other aquatic lives and have damaging influences. Such heavy metals, which are very tough to be degraded, can be managed by reducing their potential through various processes like removal, precipitation, oxidation–reduction, bio‐sorption, recovery, bioaccumulation, bio‐mineralization etc. Microbes are known as talented bio‐agents for the heavy metals detoxification process and fungi are one of the cherished bio‐sources that show noteworthy aptitude of heavy metal sorption and metal tolerance. Thus, the main objective of the authors was to come with a comprehensive review having methodological insights on the novel and recent results in the field of mycoremediation of heavy metals. This review significantly assesses the potential talent of fungi in heavy metal detoxification and thus, in environmental restoration. Many reported works, methodologies and mechanistic sights have been evaluated to explore the fungal‐assisted heavy metal remediation. Herein, a compact and effectual discussion on the recent mycoremediation studies of organic pollutants like dyes, petroleum, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and pharmaceutical wastes have also been presented.
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