This paper aims to design a coil sensor for corrosion monitoring of industrial pipes that could detect variations in thickness using the MFL (Magnetic Flux Leakage) technique. An MFL coil sensor is designed and tested with pipe sample thicknesses of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm based on the magnetic field effect of ferrite cores. Moreover, a measurement setup for analysing pipe samples up to a temperature of 200° Celsius is suggested. Experimental results reveal that the MFL coil sensor can fulfil the requirements for MFL testing of pipes in high temperature conditions, and that the precision of MFL monitoring of pipes to detect corrosion at high temperatures can be improved significantly.

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Because of the unpredictable range of propagation, knowledge of the wave transmission properties of the aquatic environment is needed for efficient underwater electromagnetic (EM) wave activity. Most publications concern low frequencies to achieve long contact distances, and data transmission is widely known to be captivated with one of the critical parameters, frequency. However, there are some new applications that need data in order to be implemented underwater over short distances. This survey provides a detailed overview of current underwater communication techniques, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Potential future directions and recommendations for enabling next-generation underwater wireless networking systems are discussed. This paper also summarizes radio-frequency communication studies and, as a result, developments in radio-frequency identification technology for data transmission in a variety of aquatic environments, including freshwater and saltwater.

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