Background: Pain has a deleterious impact on the emotional, physical, and social development of children of all ages. Acupressure and foot massage are two evidence-based non-pharmacological approaches for treating infants' acute pain during heel lancing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of foot massage and acupressure on pain levels and physiological parameters during heel lancing in full-term neonates. Subjects and method: The experimental research design was adopted in this study. A systematic random sample of 120 full-term neonates with their parents was included in the study at Tanta City Maternal and Child Health Centers. Tools: two tools were used, Tool I: Structured interview schedule divided into four parts as follows; Socio-demographic characteristics of neonates, anthropometric physical parameters, physiological parameters, and heel stick procedure time. Tool II: Neonatal Infant Pain Scale observational checklist. Result: The half of neonates in the acupressure and massage groups had no/ mild pain during the heel lancing, while 65% in the control group had severe pain during heel lancing and there was a statistically significant difference of pain scores with P= 000 during the heel lancing in acupressure, massage, and control groups. Conclusion and recommendations: The study was concluded that acupressure and foot massage techniques were more effective either in Pain levels, Physiological Parameters and heel lancing time So; the researchers recommended that in-service training program for nurses and mothers should be conducted regularly to teach them non-pharmacological strategies for relieving pain in children of all ages.

Down Syndrome is a lifelong chromosomal disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome number 21 inside each of the body's cells. This genetic disorder, causes mental retardation and developmental delays. Aim of this study was to determine the effect of promoting mothers' caring practices regarding their children with Down Syndrome on the family coping. Subjects and Method: A quasi-experimental research design used for sixty mothers and their children with Down Syndrome at Pediatric Outpatient Genetic Clinic of Tanta University Hospital. Three tools were used for data collection: Structured Interview Schedule to assess socio-demographic and mothers , knowledge about Down Syndrome, Mothers' Care Reporting Sheet and Family Crisis Oriented Personal Scales. Results: The total scores of knowledge for more than three quarters of mothers were low before educational program while, more than half of them had moderate level of knowledge and less than half of them had high level immediately after program. The total scores of most mothers , reported care were unsatisfactory before educational program while, the majority of them had satisfactory care immediately and one month after program. Family adaptation for nearly two thirds of caregivers was fair before program while, all of them had good adaptation immediately after program. Conclusion: There was a significant improvement of mothers , knowledge, reported care and family adaptation towards crises. Recommendations: Continuous health education program should be applied to mothers of children with Down Syndrome in health care facilities to improve their knowledge and practice that affect family adaptation.