Based upon these initial observations, further investigation can now be directed towards optimization of electroosmotic flow and sampling time, improved reproducibility and the development of a practical assay methodology.

Introduction: All-ceramic restorations are being widely used due to its various advantages. However, they have restricted durability and may have to be removed. The conventional procedure for removal is grinding the restoration with rotary instruments which are considered time-consuming and inconvenient. A newer advantageous method is the application of lasers for debonding ceramics from the tooth surface. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive literature review on laser-aided ceramic restorations debonding. Methods: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Seven articles from 2011 to 2018 were identified. Studies were assessed for the efficacy of laser application and the amount of pulpal temperature rise. Results: Studies selected were categorized according to variables including shear bond strength, debonding time and intrapulpal temperature. Oztoprak and Iseri investigated that erbium-doped yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser application reduced shear bond strength of ceramic laminate veneers. The time of debonding took an average of 190 seconds in Rechmann’s study and 106 seconds in Morford’s study. One of the main issues while using the laser is thermal irritation of the pulp. A 5.5°C temperature increase may cause pulpal damage according to Zach and Cohen. Philips et al and Rechmann et al reported no intrapulpal harm due to temperature increase. Additionally, Phillips et al demonstrated that the laser setting affects both the debonding time and the temperature alterations and that a laser adjustment of 2.5 W/25 Hz would be the best safest group. Conclusion: Removal of ceramic crowns and veneers from tooth surfaces can be successfully done by Er:YAG laser application in a less time-consuming procedure and without any harm to the underlying dentin. However, a temperature rise in the pulp may occur which could be overcome by adequate air water cooling.

Red mud (RM) which emerges as a by-product from the alumina producing process has been used as an efficient catalyst for one-pot direct synthesis of nitrile compounds from aldehydes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride under microwave irradiation.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a malignant neoplasm of the lymphoid tissue and is one of the most prevalent cancers seen worldwide. 1 A rare and aggressive variant of this neoplasm, Burkitt lymphoma (BL), develops from germinal or post-germinal B cells and is characterized by MYC oncogene translocation. 2 BL is further classified into 3 epidemiologically dissimilar types with different population targets: endemic-, sporadic-, and immunodeficiency-associated BL. 3 The sporadic subtype which yearly has an incidence of around 3 cases out of a million people, typically occurs in children and comprises less than 1% of all adult NHLs. 4 Only 8.9% of the head and neck neoplasms are lymphomas, 1.9% of them occurring in oral cavity. 5 Oral lymphomas usually occur in the tonsils, palate, gingiva, or jaws and may be seen centrally in bone or peripherally in soft tissue. Most of them are "diffuse large B-cell lymphomas" (DLBCL) or plasmablastic lymphomas, the latter being frequent in immunodeficient patients. 6,7 Endemic BL also involves the head and neck site especially the jaws frequently. However, sporadic BL rarely has a presentation in this region. 8 In this case report, we present an adult patient with sporadic BL involving the mandible. | CASE REPORTA 49-year-old white man was referred to the maxillofacial surgery department of Tehran University in July 2019 with a chief complaint of vague pain in the left mandibular area and