Background: Diabetes is a common costly condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The process of teaching individuals to manage their diabetes had been considered an important part of the clinical management. The goals of self-management education are to optimize metabolic control, prevent acute and chronic complications, and optimize quality of life; Aim: To evaluate the impact of a health education intervention guidelines for T2DM on Patients' knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-management practices. Methods: Design: quasi-experimental uncontrolled design on 50 patients evaluated at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up. Setting: The study was carried out in the outpatient clinics of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Zagazig University Hospital. Tools: three tools were used, 1st tool was an interview questionnaire to assess socio-demographic data and patients' knowledge, self-efficacy scale and patients' self-reported self-management behaviors concerning self-care practices. Results: There were statistically significant improvements in patients' knowledge (p < .001), self-efficacy (p < .001), and selfmanagement (p < .001), which continued through follow-up. Multivariate analysis showed that the knowledge and self-efficacy scores positively predicted the scores of self-management. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of health educational intervention guidelines in improving T2DM patients' self-management behaviors and self-care practices through provision of sound information and fostering their self-efficacy. The slight decline at the follow-up phase indicates the need for periodic booster doses of the intervention. Therefore, the study recommends generalization of such educational guidelines in all health care settings providing services to T2DM patients. Such guidelines should particularly address the patients with low educational attainments, long history of T2DM, and those residing in rural areas. More research is needed to investigate the long-term effect of such educational interventions.

Background: Standards precautions are designed to protect staff from risks resulting from exposure to blood and body fluids and to protect patients from potential cross infection. Knowledge of clinical infection control practices is continually growing and changing. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess nurses' performance regarding infection control precautions in primary health care centers. Research design: a descriptive analytical design had been used. Subjects: simple random sample of a total of 379 nurse was recruited from the 1 st of June 2019 to the first of December 2019, at selected primary health care centers affiliated to health affairs directorate in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate according to large number of nurses. Tools of data collection: three tools were used to collect data: a structured self-administrated nurses' questionnaire, observational check list, and environmental assessment checklist. Results: the results revealed that 44.6% of the studied nurses had average level of total knowledge, whereas 58.6% of them had incompetent practice regarding infection control precautions. Moreover, there was highly statistically significant positive linear correlation between total nurse`s knowledge about infection control precautions in primary health care centers and their practice at (r = 0.317, and p =0.000). In conclusion, Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that, more than one third of nurses in the current study had average overall knowledge score, while more than one half of them had incompetent practice regarding infection control precautions. A highly statistically significant positive linear correlation between total nurses' knowledge about infection control precautions in primary health care centers and their practice was pointed up. Recommendations: mandatory regular base educational program must be planned to overcome the weak level of knowledge and updated and the nursing practice regarding infection control standard precautions.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing intervention protocol targeting the knowledge and practice of adult patients experiencing low back pain. Design: A quasi-experimental research design. Methods: Pre-post assessment of outcome was used in this study. The study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of the physical therapy department at Zagazig University Hospital and Beni-Suef University Hospital, Egypt. Sample: 40 participants diagnosed with chronic low back pain (lasting for longer than six months). Seven of the 40 dropped out during the follow-up phase for personal or logistical reasons. Tools included sections for demographic characteristics, knowledge and practice assessment; in addition to the Oswestry Disability Index, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: The application of an instruction protocol intervention for low back pain was effective in improving patient knowledge and practice, with associated amelioration of the severity of pain and disability among them. The effect was still apparent at the three-month follow-up. Conclusion: It is recommended that the study be replicated using a more robust randomized clinical trial design. Nonetheless, the instruction protocol with the designed booklet may be adopted as an element of the care services offered to patients suffering LBP, given the clear positive effects on patient knowledge, which would undoubtedly help them decide on the most preferential management approach.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of counseling intervention in improving physical health and subjective well-being among elderly with chronic illness at geriatric homes. The study was conduct in four geriatric homes affiliated with social solidarity agency .The sample of this study 102 elderly individuals. data were collected through an interview questionnaire sheet , KATZ Activities of Daily Living scale, Personal Health Inventory, The Modified Subjective Well-Being Scale and Medication Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (MASES).The result of the present study showed a highest proportion of old age have Independence level of Daily activity. there was a significant improvement in a neutral zone of health behavior and subjective well-being after implementing counseling sessions. The present study recommended that future research to assesses an impact of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors on life satisfaction among elderly individual with chronic illness at geriatric homes.

Background: Bedridden is a form of immobility that can present as the inability to move or even sit upright. Caring for bedridden older adults can be difficult and requires a great deal of patience and understanding. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the health needs and problems of bedridden older adults in geriatric homes. Design: Descriptive design was used to conduct this study. Setting: The study was conducted in geriatric homes in East Cairo, which includes the high rate of bedridden older adults in Dar Fouad Habib, Dar Al Marwa, and Dar Saidat Misr. Sample: A convenience sample of 144 bedridden older adults from the previously mentioned settings. Tools: Two tools were used for data collection. The first tool was divided into four parts, a structured interviewing questionnaire to assess 1-socio-demographic characteristics of bedridden older adults. 2-Physical health status assessment, 3-health needs assessment of bedridden older adults. 4-Health problems assessment of bedridden older adults. The second tool was to assess geriatric home environment. Results: The study findings revealed that 70.8% of bedridden older adults were 70>80 years, with the mean± SD of age is 74.4±7.07, 58.3% of bedridden older adults were females, 67.4% of the study sample were widows, regarding educational level, 24.3% of bedridden older adults had a university education, and 39.6% of bedridden older adults had a previous job in the governmental sector. 67.0% of them had insufficient monthly income. Conclusion: There was a positive and highly significant correlation between the total score of health needs and problems and the health status of bedridden older adults. Recommendations: periodic physical examination for older adult to early detection of health problems and promote intervention. Continuous assessment of needs and problems for bedridden older adults.