Smoking has been involved as a significant risk factor for series and establishment of diseases. The aim of our study to investigate smoking effects induced oxidative damage. We have chosen male students of Al-Iraqia University and Tikrit University, aged 20-23 years. In our study we measured activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GXp). Our results showing that the level of LDH in smokers were higher than nonsmokers ,and the levels of CAT was higher in group of nonsmokers ,while SOD and GXp were higher significantly in non-smokers when comparison with smoker students. Also we study the height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and some of blood parameters red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs), and hemoglobin (Hb). Results showing significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers, all of these parameters were lower in smokers. These results perhaps indicate that smoker students have oxidative stress and shortness in antioxidants defense system.

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The normal female life cycle is associated with a number of hormonal milestones: menarche, pregnancy, contraceptive use, menopause, and the use of replacement sex hormones. The menstrual cycle is the result of a carefully orchestrated sequence of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary glands, and endometrium, with the sex hormones acting as modulators and effectors at each level. Gingivitis is Inflammation of the gingiva as a response to bacterial plaque on adjacent teeth; characterized by erythema, edema, and fibrous enlargement of the gingiva without resorption of the underlying alveolar bone. The gingiva is a target tissue for the actions of steroid hormones, clinical changes in the tissues of the periodontium have been identified during periods of hormonal fluctuation’ Women have lower flow rates and seem to have more variation in salivary pH than men. Hormonal fluctuations during events like puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause could explain those differences. the aim of this study is to find the relationship between plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary pH with the female hormone level during menstruation. The study includes 25 volunteer young female with regular menstrual cycle, all the volunteers underwent periodontal examination by record plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (Gl) and measurement of salivary pH in the 2nd day of menstrual cycle (first reading) and in the 201' day of menstruation (second reading) then we analyze the differences among the two readings. Results of this study revealed that the plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation increase significantly with increasing level of female hormones and decrease when these hormones decline. As well as the salivary pH decrease slightly during increase level of female hormones and the saliva become more alkaline when the level of hormones decreased.

The study designed for the toxic role of cadmium chloride on the liver of mice from both a physiological and histological aspects. The animals were treated with a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. And the protective role of Brassica nigra seed extract against cadmium chloride toxicity. This pilot study was conducted on 20 adult white rats divided into 4 equivalent groups including the control group: Animals in this group received a dosed of distilled water for 30 days. The placebo group was treated with cadmium chloride at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days and returned as an infected control group. While in the third group, animals treated with cadmium chloride were dosed with Brassica nigra seed extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. The fourth group was dosed with Brassica nigra seed extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. After 30 days, liver enzymes including aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured by spectrophotometric method. In addition to making tissue sections of the liver. The treatment of rats led to a significant increase (P≤0.05) in liver enzymes compared with the control group. It also led to histopathology in the liver tissue, while the Brassica nigra seed extract acted as a protective role against the toxicity of cadmium chloride.