Because several carcinogenic molecules are upregulated in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa even in children, early eradication therapy from childhood may be beneficial to decrease the incidence of gastric cancer. Although increased expression of olfactomedin-4 can be important in suppressing gastric cancer in adults, the increase was not detected in children.

Lcn2, CCL18, CXCL9, CXCL11, PGI and PGII play important roles in childhood H. pylori infection.

Increasingly, food allergy associated with tacrolimus after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation (LT) has been reported. Tacrolimus prevents the activation of T cells by blocking calcineurin, thus producing an immunosuppressive effect, but tacrolimus induces an imbalance in T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells in the food allergy process. This report describes a case of tacrolimus-associated food allergy after pediatric living-donor LT. The patient was a 7-year-old Japanese girl who had undergone living-donor LT at 12 months of age, and whom we first saw in the clinic at age 18 months. She received immunosuppressive therapy by tacrolimus after transplantation. Atopic dermatitis developed in post-transplant month 18. Stridor, facial edema, lip swelling, and skin erythema after consuming tempura udon containing wheat occurred in post-transplant month 39, and she was subsequently diagnosed with anaphylactic shock. Eosinophilic leukocyte and serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E increased, and specific IgE was positive for some food allergens. Pharmacotherapy was therefore changed from tacrolimus to cyclosporine A, after which eosinophilic leukocyte and serum IgE decreased and atopic dermatitis improved.

CD20 overexpression may play an important role in lymphoid follicle enlargement and NG.

Although nonspecific endoscopic findings of CGD-associated colitis have been reported before, our observation of brownish dots spread across a yellowish edematous mucosa, termed "leopard sign," could be a unique feature of this condition.