The present study investigated phenolic compounds and enzymes involved in female fertility in banana plants of the Cavendish subgroup. The wild diploid Calcutta 4 and commercial cultivar Grand Naine (Cavendish subgroup) were used. The following five stages of floral development were proposed: S1 (partial vertical emission), S2 (total vertical emission), S3 (total horizontal emission), S4 (pre-anthesis), and S5 (anthesis). Following collection, pistillate (female) flowers were freeze-dried for the subsequent removal of nectaries and the analysis of phenolic compounds (PCs), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), enzymatic activity [peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)], and total proteins (TPs). The highest values were recorded at the S3 stage, with the values decreasing as the stages progressed (until S5). At the S3 stage, the following results were obtained for Calcutta 4 and Grand Naine, respectively: PCs (32.4 and 36.1 mg GAE·g−1); DPPH (735.2 and 454.4 µM TE·g−1); ABTS (647.8 and 555.5 µM TE·g−1); POD (0.8 and 0.7 µmol·min−1·g−1); PPO (3.7 and 2.7 µmol·min−1·g−1); and TP (3.2 and 2.4 µmol·min−1·g−1). These results indicate that PCs and enzymes regulate female fertility, suggesting that crossbreeding should be performed from the S3 stage in cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup to achieve fruits with seeds.
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a interação com a escarificação mecânica e o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico na emergência de plântulas de Leucena. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 6 (escarificação x concentração de ácido salicílico) constituído por quatro repetições contendo 25 sementes cada. As sementes foram obtidas da empresa Bom Cultivo e posteriormente submetidas a dois tratamentos de combinação com escarificação mecânica (presença e ausência) e diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico. Após o procedimento da escarificação, as sementes foram imersas em solução de ácido salicílico diluído com água destilada em diferentes concentrações (0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 e 12,5 mg.L-1 ) durante 24 horas. As variáveis analisadas foram: Emergência de Primeira Contagem (%); Emergência Total (%); Dias Iniciais de Emergência; Tempo Médio de Emergência (dias) e Índice de Velocidade de Emergência. A Emergência de Primeira Contagem foi realizada aos 15 dias após a semeadura e não apresentou emergência. Já aos 60 dias, os tratamentos com escarificação mecânica submetidas ao ácido salicílico apresentaram efeitos significativos para a emergência com o tratamento de 10,0 mg.L-1 promovendo maior percentagem (57%). Para o Tempo Médio de Emergência, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos; o Índice de Velocidade de Emergência obteve maior valor no tratamento com 7,5 mg.L-1 de ácido salicílico (0,43). Dessa forma, sugere-se que aplicação exógena de ácido salicílico de 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 e 12,5 mg.L-1 de ácido salicílico seja uma alternativa promissora para a produção de plântulas de Leucena em associação com a escarificação mecânica.
The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative methods to overcome dormancy in Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) seeds. The seeds were collected from four different matrices and subsequently submitted to different treatments with mechanical scarification and immersion in water and soft drink at different times (0, 6, 24 and 48 h) at 25 ºC. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of 14 treatments composed of four replications containing 50 seeds each. The variables analyzed were: Germination at the first count (G); Normal Seedlings (PN); Hard or Dormant Seeds (SD); and Germination Speed Index (IVG). The results increased higher percentages of germination (G) in the T1 treatment (mechanical scarification) with 46.7 and 43.2% of normal seedlings (PN) with 43.2% and IVG of 41.9. However, when observing only the treatments submitted in different combinations, it was noted that the treatments T8 (Mechanical scarification and immersion in soda for 6h at 25 ºC) and T2 (Mechanical scarification and immersion in distilled water for 6h at 25 ºC) presented a germination of 44.7 and 39.7%, respectively. Thus, shorter water immersion times associated with mechanical scarification are required to obtain the highest percentage of germination and formation of normal seedlings.
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