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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic health conditions around the world and is a major challenge to health care providers. Its incidence across the world is increasing. There is long-term affection of pancreas before symptoms start, allowing for a large window for early detection and prevention of the disease. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through March 2017. The following search terms were used: diabetes type 2, prevention diabetes type 2, effects of lifestyle on health, alcohol and diabetes, smoking and diabetes, preventive strategies for diabetes type 2. Our aim in this study is to understand the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type 2 with regards to the risk factors and how to prevent them. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is considered a preventable disease, therefore, studying its risk factors and trying to reduce them is very important. Even minor modifications in risk factors of the disease could achieve significant reduction in incidence and progression of diabetes. Weight loss, improved dietary intake, and increased exercise levels are the most important interventions that will lead to significant decrease in the occurrence of the disease.

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In the present work, an experimental study was carried out aiming at optimization of shot peening (SP) process with ultrasonic bombarding frequency to enhance the surface integrity of stainless steel 316 produced by selective laser melting (SLM). Here, the shots are streamed toward target surface by ultrasonic deriving unit. Shot peening experiments were carried out based on response surface design to incorporate effect of ultrasonic power, processing time, ball diameters, and gap distance on hardness and surface roughness. Multi-objective optimization of process using desirability approach function was performed to obtain maximum hardness and minimum surface roughness. After obtaining the optimal solutions, series of surface integrity examination tests such as microstructure evolution, surface morphology, hardness, and residual stress distributions were conducted on optimal samples to understand whether process optimization enhances the surface integrity aspects of post-processed SLMed SS316 compared to as-built one. Obtained results revealed that setting of 600-W power, 15-min processing time, 6-mm ball diameter, and 30-mm gap distance is an optimum setting that yields surface roughness of 7.47 μm and surface hardness of 411 V. According to the surface roughness and hardness value of as-built material, the former decreased about 176% and latter enhanced about 90%.