It has been suggested that the left medial prefrontal cortex (LmPFC) has an inhibitory role in controlling the right mPFC (RmPFC), thereby reducing the deleterious effects of stressors on emotional states. Here, we investigated the effects on anxiety of bilateral or unilateral injections of NOC-9 [a nitric oxide (NO) donor] and cobalt chloride (CoCl2; a synaptic inhibitor) into the mPFC of mice exposed to the elevated plus-maze (Experiments 1 and 2). The effects of restraint or social defeat on anxiety in undrugged mice were recorded at 5 min or 24 h after exposure to the stress (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 investigated the effects of LmPFC injection of CoCl2 combined with restraint or social defeat on anxiety, which was recorded 24 h later. Although intra-RmPFC NOC-9 produced anxiogenesis, its injection into the LmPFC, or bilaterally, did not change anxiety. Intra-RmPFC or -LmPFC injection of CoCl2 produced anxiolytic- and anxiogenic-like effects, respectively. Both restraint and social defeat produced anxiogenesis at 5 min, but defeated mice did not display anxiety 24 h after the stress. Although intra-LmPFC CoCl2 did not change anxiety, which was recorded 24 h later in non-stressed mice, this synaptic inhibitor produced a clear, anxiogenic-like effect in defeated (but not restrained) mice. These results suggest that (i) nitrergic activation of the RmPFC increases anxiety, which in turn is inhibited by NO production within the LmPFC; (ii) neuronal inhibition of the RmPFC or LmPFC elicits anxiolysis and anxiogenesis, respectively; and (iii) inactivation of the LmPFC results in recrudescence of anxiety induced by social defeat stress.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. Introduction Absorptive Capacity (AC) is one of the most influential concepts in management literature. First introduced by Cohen & Levinthal (1989) and then developed by Zahra & George (2002) when it comes to learning and innovation on a company, and currently is a key word for a variety of strategies, routines and learning processes that influence the company's ability to exploit the external knowledge needed to build other organizational capacities (Todorova & Durisin, 2007; Zahra & George, 2002). The diffusion and acquisition of knowledge determine companies' potential for innovation (Griliches, 1998). However, Absorptive Capacity is necessary to understand and transform external knowledge flows, essential to achieve innovation and growth of companies (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). It is noteworthy that the focus of many studies is about organizational factors that facilitate or inhibit the transfer process, including the organization's Absorptive Capacity (Gonzales & Martins, 2015).

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Resumo A globalização tem sido responsável pela elevação da exposição de empresas e países a riscos relativos a fatores cambiais. A literatura tem abordado a questão da volatilidade da moeda em países emergentes e desenvolvidos sem um consenso sobre tal dinâmica, bem como são escassos os estudos que estimam e situam o risco do real brasileiro. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo mensurar o risco da taxa de câmbio brasileira, bem como testar a hipótese de que existe uma diferença significante na volatilidade entre moedas de países emergentes e em desenvolvimento. Por meio do VaR paramétrico ajustado para distribuições de valores extremos, observou-se que o real brasileiro apresentou taxa de câmbio de maior risco. Os resultados também revelam que os pressupostos distribucionais não parecem apresentar nenhum padrão específico quando confrontados países emergentes e desenvolvidos, e também que países emergentes apresentaram menor volatilidade, denotando a preponderância de fatores externos ao mercado cambial na determinação do risco de algumas moedas.