Objective:The purpose of the current study is to assess the degree of closure of the root apices of primary molars and permanent incisors in young children. Study Design:Retrospective study Place and Duration: This study was carried out at Department of Oral Biology, Sardar Begum Dental College, Peshawar from January, 2022 to July 2022. Methods: There were 130 patients of both genders with ages 4-16 years were presented. After obtaining informed written consent, the enrolled cases' detailed demographics, including age, sex, body mass, and locale, were computed. Digital orthopantomographs of all the patients were taken. Chi square test was used to assess differences among closure of root apices of permanent incisors and first molars among all cases. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze all data. Results:Among 130 included cases, 80 (61.5%) were females and the rest were males 50 (38.5%).Mean age of the cases were 12.6±4.72 years. 85 (65.4%) cases had body mass index <18 kg/m2 and 45 (34.6%) patients had BMI >18kg/m2. There were 76 (58.5%) cases had urban and 54 (41.5%) patients had rural residency. Permanent incisors were 82 (63.1%) and first molars were 48 (36.9%). At age between 5-9 years frequency of closed root apices of mandibular central incisors was 50 (60.9%) and closed maxillary first molars were 22 (51.2%). At age 10-15 years number of closed root apices of central incisors were 65 (79.3%) and closed root apices of first molars were 30 (62.5%) with p value <0.003. Conclusion:In this study, we came to the conclusion that the majority of root apices of permanent incisors and first molars in children in the studied sample close early compared to earlier reports, which is consistent with the pattern of emergence of permanent teeth previously reported in children. Keywords:Root Apices, First Molars, Permanent Incisors, Children

Chronic periodontitis is a slow progressing disease of oral tissue that causes inflammation and bleeding of gingiva. If it is untreated, it leads to periodontal pockets, loosening of teeth and ultimate tooth loss. Saliva is a hypertonic fluid present in the oral cavity that is now used as a diagnostic tool. Saliva contains water, organic and inorganic molecules that can act as biomarkers for systemic and oral diseases. Presence of these biomarkers in saliva can help in the early detection of chronic periodontitis disease for therapeutic purpose. This review summarizes the salivary biomarkers that can help in early detection and diagnosis of chronic periodontitis disease.

Background: Odontogenic tumors derived from tooth forming apparatus, either epithelial or ecto-mesenchymal or both. Ameloblastoma is a true neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium, represent 1% of all oral ectodermal tumors and 9% of odontogenic tumors.It is a benign tumor that shows an insidious slow growth, locally invasive with high recurrence rate. Aim: To determine radiographical and clinical features of ameloblastoma in patients reporting to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Study design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Place and duration of study: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Multan Medical and Dental College Multan during 6 months. Methodology: A descriptive audit including all patient records with a histopathologically confirmed report of ameloblastoma based on the routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining during the period of 6 months. Consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used. Results: A total of 140 patient records were included in this study among whom 95 (67.9%) were male and 45(45%) were female. 123 (87.9%) lesions were found in the mandible, while 17(12.1%) in the maxilla. Swelling was the most commonly reported symptom in 137(97.9%) of the cases. Pain and tooth mobility were among other symptoms. Radiographically, the multilocular appearance accounted for 97(69.3%) while uni-loculancy was present in 43(30.7%) of the lesions. Conclusion: This study concluded that males are more affected with ameloblastoma than females. The 2nd and 3rd decades of life were the most common age group affected. Painless swelling was the most common clinical feature reported in ameloblastoma attributing to late diagnosis. Keywords: Ameloblastoma, features, multilocular, Radiograph.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the impact of mesioangular mandibular 3rd molar impaction on periodontal health of adjacent tooth in patients. Study Design: Retrospective/observational study Place and Duration: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, MMDC Multan, during from Oct 2020 to September 2021. Methods: Total of seventy patients of both genders was presented in this study. Detailed demographic data of enrolled cases age, sex, body mass index, symptoms and complications were recorded after taking informed written consent. All the patients had mesioangular impactions of mandibular third molars. The impaction depth, relationship with ramus, and angulation of 70 IMTMs and their association with 2nd molar distal caries and root resorption, pathological states, and closeness to the mandibular canal were assessed on panoramic radiographs. Pell and Gregory classification was used to determine position of impacted third molar. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of IMTM's position on the related complications (credible interval for Bayesian models). Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed p-value 0.05. SPSS 24.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results: There were 42 (60%) males and 28 (40%) females with mean BMI 23.13±6.46 kg/m2. Most of patients 31 (44.3%) were aged between 20-35 years. Mean attachment level was 3.03±2.34 and probing depth was 3.34±3.35. Caries, pain and swelling were the most common symptoms found among cases. Distal second molar root caries 21 (30%) and pocket formation 17(24.3%) were the most common pathologies. As per histological findings periapical inflammation was majority found in 37 (52.9%) cases followed by dental follicle in 19 (27.1%) and cyst in 11 (15.7%). Conclusion: In this study, we found that the impacted mandibular third molar was most linked with distal second molar root caries and the creation of a pocket between the impacted tooth and the second molar tooth. The most common pathology associated with the impacted molar was distal second molar root caries and the creation of a pocket between the affected tooth and the second molar. Keywords: Mesioangular, Impacted mandibular third molar, Pathology, Complication