Filtrates of three isolates of the nematophagous fungus Verticillium leptobactrum were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The filtrates inhibited egg hatching, with maximum toxicity observed for isolate HR21 at 50% (v:v) dilution, after 7 days exposure. Filtrates also inactivated second-stage juveniles (J2) at 10-50% dilutions. A scanning electron microscopy study of treated eggs showed severe alterations caused by the filtrate of isolate HR43 on M. incognita eggs, which appeared collapsed and not viable, suggesting the production of chitin-degrading enzymes or other active compounds.
Three isolates of Verticillium leptobactrum proceeding from egg masses of root-knot nematodes (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. and soil samples collected in Tunisia were evaluated against second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs of M. incognita, to determine the fungus biocontrol potential. In vitro tests showed that V. leptobactrum is an efficient nematode parasite. The fungus also colonized egg masses and parasitized hatching J2. In a greenhouse assay with tomato plants parasitized by M. incognita and M. javanica, V. leptobactrum was compared with isolates of Pochonia chlamydosporia and Monacrosporium sp., introducing the propagules into nematode-free or naturally infested soils. The V. leptobactrum isolates were active in RKN biocontrol, improving plants growth with a significant increase of tomato roots length, lower J2 numbers in soil or egg masses, as well as higher egg mortalities. In a second assay with M. javanica, treatments with three V. leptobactrum isolates reduced egg masses on roots as well as the density of J2 and the number of galls. To evaluate the fungus capability to colonize egg masses a nested Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, based on a molecular beacon probe was used to assess its presence. The probe was designed on a V. leptobactrum ITS region, previously sequenced. This method allowed detection of V. leptobactrum from egg masses, allowing quantitative DNA and fungal biomass estimations.
Résumé -Ce travail propose une approche par modélisation interdisciplinaire pour décrire et détecter la diversité des systèmes de culture dans les oasis du Maghreb. La méthode conjugue des concepts issus de la sémiotique et de la systémique. Elle s'appuie sur des méthodes de statistique multivariée utilisant des jeux indépendants de données d'observation. Une typologie de systèmes de culture est d'abord construite par analyse des correspondances multiples, à partir de données agronomiques collectées sur place par observation directe ou enquêtes de terrain. Il est ensuite recherché, par analyse factorielle discriminante, la fonction d'association qui relie chaque type de système de culture à la physionomie des parcelles de culture, celle-ci ayant été renseignée par des données géométriques et radiométriques détachées du terrain. La qualité estimée de l'association confère une capacité indicatrice aux données physionomiques utilisées, que cela soit pour détecter le « comment », le « où », ou le « résultat » du système de culture. Ce travail exploratoire est mené sur l'oasis de Nefta dans le Djérid tunisien. Le potentiel en généricité de la démarche construite est discuté dans sa contribution aux observatoires sociétés-milieux au service des sociétés oasiennes et des gestionnaires de territoires en zones arides.Mots clés : agrosystème / système de culture / physionomie / indicateur / observatoire Abstract -Modelling the cropping system diversity, from observation to detection: the case of the Nefta Oasis (Djerid, Tunisia). The purpose of this research is to establish a methodology to describe and detect the cropping system diversity in the Maghreb oases from an interdisciplinary approach. The method calls for concepts originating from semiotics and systemics domains together with multivariate statistics on independent sets of observed data. First, different types of cropping systems have been extracted from multiple correspondence analysis of surveyed agronomic variables collected in situ (direct observations and measures and/or obtained from interviews). Then, a discriminant factorial analysis was used to assess the quality of the predictive associations between these types and datasets covering a range of characteristics from geometric and radiometric indicators accounting for culture plots "physiognomy", the data collection of which did not require here any field survey. Whether to detect the "how", the "where" or the "what" of the cropping system, the method appears to reach an encouraging discriminating capacity. This pilot study was carried out in the Nefta Oasis, Djerid, Tunisia. The generic aspect of the approach and its potential are discussed, as contribution to population-environment observatories for Oasis society and territorial managers in arid zones.
Ce travail s’intéresse à l’observation, à la connaissance scientifique construite à partir de ce qui est perçu (Lien de Sens) d’un monde systémique complexe. La démarche conduit à proposer le concept d’empreinte dans le cadre scientifique interdisciplinaire « Système - Réalité - Monde perçu - Modèle », à le mettre à l’épreuve des données, puis à proposer la démarche d’ontologie systémique. Celle-ci permet de déployer le Lien de Forme du domaine systémique au monde perçu, d’analyser et décrire la part pertinente de la donnée et de montrer en quoi l’ensemble de ce travail essentiellement symbolique peut contribuer à la maîtrise sémantique, technologique et numérique de la collecte et analyse des données et de l’observation de la Terre. Les illustrations portent principalement sur l’oasis. Ce travail discute ce qu’il apporte dans la construction d’une science de l’observation.
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