Background:Bacillus subtilis are opportunistic, spore forming bacteria, common soil inhabitants. A resistant spore allows bacteria to endure extreme conditions of heat and desiccation in the environments promotes their survival in many instances, even in environments like hospitals.Objectives:This paper purposes to find out the incidence of Bacillus subtilis from various sources at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok city, Iraq. The susceptibility test and resistotyping (antibiotypes) profile of isolates were also studied.Methods:During a period of eight months between Januarys to April, 2011, a total of 128 samples were collected from various sources and locations at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok city. A sterile cotton swabs were used to collect the samples and analyzed by plating on Blood agar, Chocolate agar and MacConkey agar followed by the identification of the isolates based on their cultural characteristics and their reactions in standard biochemical tests. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion technique according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines on Muller Hinton Agar.Results:Out of the 128 collected samples, 84 samples yielded bacterial growth, of them 31(24.2%) were Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, other bacterial groups were also isolated and identified. The results showed that the occurrence of Bacillus subtilis was higher than the other groups of bacteria. The susceptibility test of Bacillus subtilis isolates; the organism exhibited high susceptibility rate to gentamicin (96.7%) and ciprofloxacin (93.5%) While, cefotaxime (19.3%) and ampicillin (16.2%) demonstrated the lowest percentage of susceptibility rate. Resistotyping (antibiotypes) profiles of Bacillus subtilis isolates were determined. Out of 31 isolates, 22 of them were multiple resistant and belonged to 3 resistotype patterns; resistotype 1 was predominant among isolates.Conclusion:This study shows that there is an increased rate of incidence of Bacillus subtilis in hospital environments in study area and some of these isolates were multi-drug resistant and showed different resistotyping profiles.
Background: A variety of diarrheagenic E coli (DEC) are responsible for causing different types of diarrhea in children especially in developing courtiers. Objectives: This study was primarily aimed to isolate and bacteriological characterizing of E coli from diarrheic infant stool and to investigate their antibiotic resistance patterns and then using molecular identification of DEC pathotypes for better discrimination. Methods: Total of 400 fresh stools specimens were collected from children with diarrhea in Heevi Hospital in Duhok city, Iraq. The samples were cultured on selective media such as (MacConkey and MacConkey sorbitol agar). Colonies were identified through biochemical reaction and VITEK 2 system and then antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined. Results: A total of 349(87.2%) samples were yielded positive for growth of E coli. Out of these, 50 phenotypically-identified E coli were then subjected to PCR assay targeting certain virulence factors (alt, eae, sxt1 and sxt2) for discrimination of pathotyes. 13/50(26%) Enterotoxigenix E. coli (ETEC) was detected, 5/50(10%) Enterohemorrhagic E coli EHEC was detected, while no Enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC) was detected. All pathotypes were more frequent in samples from male children aged between 2-3 years that were artificial feeding pattern. Moreover, all pathotypes expressed high resistant to ampicillin, cephalosporin and tetracycline while little resistance to imipenem was observed. Conclusion: The study concludes presence of diarrheagenic E coli pathotypes in our community causing diarrhea in children and emphasize on using of PCR assay for best discrimination.
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes confer low resistance to Fluoroquinolones (FQs). This study aims to detect five PMQR genes among FQs-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from various clinical specimens. Out of 120 K. pneumoniae isolates, 68 FQs-resistance K. pneumoniae were included in a molecular study. Standard microbiological tests were used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility. For the detection of PMQR genes, conventional polymerase chain reaction was used. A molecular study revealed that (73.5%) of samples harbored PMQR genes, and among them, 58% were co-carriages of PMQR gene variants. Aac (6’)-Ib-cr gene was predominant (47.1%) among samples, and qepA had the lowest percentage (11.8%), qnr genes were (32.4%) (29.4%) (20.6%) qnrS, qnrB, and qnrA respectively. Overall, high percentages of PMQR genes were detected, and almost all of samples were phenotypically resistant to ciprofloxacin. As well, there was a significant statistical relationship between phenotypically ESBL-producers and qnrB and qepA genes.
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causes severe nosocomial infections among burn and wound patients. Multi-drug resistant strains namely carbapenems antibiotics have mentioned worldwide. Objectives The aim of this study was to know the incidence, patterns of antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization of P . aeruginosa isolates among wound and burn hospitalized patients. Methods From September 2019 till September 2020, a total of 524 burn and wound swabs were collected from inpatients at Burn and Emergency Hospital, Duhok city, the Kurdistan region, Iraq. The swabs were cultured and bacterial isolates were identified manually through microbiological tests then by Vitek2 compound system. The isolates were checked for their antibiotic susceptibility patterns then subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR) assay using a set of specific primers for detection of (OprD, blaVIM, blaIMP) carbapenem-resistance genes. Result About 60 (11.4%) isolates were identified as P . aeruginosa; 33 (55%) from female and 27 (45%) from male. Wound isolates exhibited pretty higher resistance over burn against 24 tested antibiotics. Imipenem; meropenem resistance rates were as (33.3 %; 31.7%) and (32.6%; 26.1%) for burn and wound, respectively. High resistance to piperacillin & ticarcillin (75% for both), ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (66.7 %) and tobramycin (63.6 %) were noticed in burn isolates. Colistin and piperacillin/tazobactam exhibited very low resistance. PCR assay indicated that 48 (96%) isolates were contained either single or double genes. OprD was predominated 40 (80 %) isolates then bla VIM gene 8 (16 %) isolates, while no bla IMP gene was detected. About 8 isolates were harbored double resistance genes (OprD, bla VIM) simultaneously and unexpectedly 1 (12%) of these isolate was phenotypic carbapenem-susceptible. moreover, 5 phenotypic carbapenem-resistance isolates were not contained any target resistance genes by PCR assay. ConclusionOccurrence of P . aeruginosa as a harbor of multiple carbapenemase resistance genes is increasing over time limiting the treatment options to this serious infection. The data support basic mechanism of imipenem resistance could be mostly via the loss of OprD. Colistin and piperacillin/tazobactam have high efficacy.
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