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Background: Ginseng is a medicinal herb that has been used in many laboratory experiments because of its pharmacological activities of its some constituents including ginsenosides, phytosterols, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. This herb has been used in many European and Middle Eastern countries as a traditional remedy for several diseases due to its antithrombotic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. So we designed this study to detect the effect of various concentrations of ginseng herp on the catalytic activity of monoaminoxidase (MAO) and peroxidase through in vivo and in vitro study. Methods: The in vivo study included the effect of Ginseng extract on the catalytic activity of MAO. Eighteen female mice were collected and distributed to three groups. The first group consist of six mice was not treated with ginseng extract (control group).Each of second and third groups consisted of six mice that were orally injected with 250 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg of body weight of ginseng extract respectively during fourteen consecutive days. The activity of MAO was calorimetrically measured at 272nm in the isolated brain mitochondrial fractions. The in vitro study of ginseng extract was calorimetrically tested in human serum of both MAO and peroxidase enzymes at 272nm, 510 nm respectively through two experiments; the first experiment includes measuring the activity of the enzymes using different concentrations of ginseng extract. The second experiment consisted of measuring the activity of the enzyme using different concentrations of substrate and constant concentration of ginseng extract. Results: Through in vivo and in vitro study, the outcomes manifested that ginseng extract is good inhibitor towards MAO and peroxidase enzymes. The results also revealed that the inhibition capacity of ginseng extract increased with growing its concentration. Where higher percentage of inhibition at highest concentration of ginseng extract (0.1 mg\mL) was 83.26% and 64.6% for MAO and peroxidase respectively. The inhibition Kinetic characteristics of ginseng extract were Vmax= 20 µmol\min\L,Ki=0.03 for MAO and Vamx =83.3 µmol\min\L , Ki= 0.003 (mol\L) for peroxidase, this results refer that ginseng extract is competitive inhibitor with MAO while is un competitive inhibitor with peroxidase. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the inhibitory capacity of ginseng extract towards both MAO and peroxidase. The inhibitory of properties of ginseng extract opens up new horizons towards the medicinal uses of this herb.

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The most prevalent form of heart disease and the main cause of death in both developed and developing nations is CAD. It happens when "plaque," or cholesterol or other fatty deposits that accumulate on the inner wall of the artery, narrows or blocks the arteries that deliver blood to the heart. Over time, chest pain might develop as a result of the reduction in blood flow to the heart caused by this plaque accumulation. The study was designed to find if Arginase acts as a biomarker for diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). A total of 90 individual samples were included in the present study, the control group consist of 40 healthy individual samples, while the CAD patients were 50 individual samples. Some biochemical parameters such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), troponin I(TnI), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipid profile, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Arginase activity were analyzed. The results of the current study showed no significant differences in the average age of patients (67.00±6.78) when compared with the control group (61.10±6.46), P>0.05. A significant increase Was found in the FBI level, cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), TnI, hs-CRP, LDH, and Arginase activity in the patient's group when compared with the control group. While significant decrease (P<0.05) was revealed in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in CAD patients in comparison to the control group. Also, there was a positive significant correlation between Arginase activity with each age and FBG. As for the ROC operator curve for Arginase, it was found that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.953 with a sensitivity of 90%, and specificity of 95%. The results in the present study indicate a possible use of Arginase as a diagnostic marker for CAD.

One of the phase II enzymes that are responsible for detoxification of the body are Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Type and frequency of polymorphism of GSTs differ among the population. The current paper was designed to detect the polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1 genes among the Iraqi population, and the results were compared with other population. Data will be collected in the future to obtain a genetic map of the Iraqi population. To our knowledge, this study is the first done on the Iraqi population. In this study blood samples were collected from 110 healthy individuals (51 males and 59 females) aged between 15-50 years. The presence or absence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was identified by multiplex-PCR. In addition, PCR-RFLP was used to detect polymorphism of GSTP1 (Ile105Val) and GSTA1 (A*/B*). The study revealed the frequencies of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, GSTP1 (Ile105Val), and GSTA1 A*/B* were 34.55%, 25.45%, 45.46%, and 41.82% respectively. The most frequently observed combinations were GSTM1 Present/GSTT1 Present/Ile/Val/A*/A* (18.18%). For the first time in Iraq by this study, four sequences were recorded in NCBI under the following accession numbers LC081235.1, LC090205.1, LC081236.1, and LC090206.1. These findings provide us the basic data for genotypes distribution and allele frequencies of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1 in the Iraqi population, and this is open a new prospect for further investigations by researchers in identifying differences between individuals in the genetic susceptibility of various diseases caused by environmental gene, rather than depending on results obtained from other populations.