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Friction stir processing (FSP) of Al7075-T6 and Boron Carbide(𝐵4𝐶) nanoparticles as reinforcement were performed adopting Taguchi’s 𝐿9 orthogonal array. Optimisation of parameters which are transverse speed (TS), tool rotational speed (TRS), and tool pin profile (TP) based on residual stress and microhardness was done using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). Result showed that minimum compressive residual stress and maximum microhardness were obtained at TS of 40 mm/min, TRS of 1200 rpm, and square tool pin profile. Analysis of variance showed that TP+TS with 49.63% contribution is the most significant factor to influence residual stress and microhardness.

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Airfoils are the cross-section of the wing or blade. Extensive research in the maximum L/D ratio is crucial as faster travel is the need of the hour for developing faster and more efficient aircraft, for the military as well as transportation purposes. Hence to find the best aerodynamic property, we will study the 3 types of airfoils. Through this paper, the intention is to find out the best airfoil which can be applied for use. In this study, the comparison between symmetric, anti-symmetric, and semi symmetric airfoil characteristics are made using ANSYS Fluent. ANSYS Fluent offers us a platform to make simulations. Codes have been fed into the MATLAB software to generate the required coordinates. Airfoil design upholds great importance in modern-day design in aeronautics. The airfoils were designed using NACA guidelines and compared. This paper aims to find the advantages and disadvantages of the 3 different airfoils. The airfoils examined are made using coordinates derived from the NACA 4-digit series. Four different pitch angles were used: 0°, 2°, 4°, 8° to best replicate real-life applications. The main purpose of this is to find which of the 3 airfoils is the best based on Cd and Cl values for different attack angles. The Reynolds Number for each simulation will be the same for uniformity in the experiment. A high value of Reynold’s Number will be taken in the scale 106. Each airfoil cross-section was studied.

In the present research, measurement of residual stress induced during turning and threading operations for the fabrication of two types of pin profiled friction stir processing/welding (FSP/FSW) tools, i.e. cylindrical profiled pin tool and cylindrical threaded profiled pin tool, is being dealt with. Workpiece was chosen to be H13 tool steel with a diameter of 22[Formula: see text]mm and 110[Formula: see text]mm length. Turning and threading was done on CNC machine tools using CNMG 12404-THM uncoated tungsten carbide cutting tool. For residual stress measurement of the workpieces, an XRD-based Pulsetec[Formula: see text]-X360n portable residual stress analyzer setup was used. The experimental results show that the cylindrical pin profile tool had a compressive residual stress of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MPa and compressive residual shear stress of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MPa, while the cylindrical threaded pin profile tool had a compressive residual stress of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MPa (51.8% more) and compressive residual shear stress of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MPa (40% less). It has been concluded that due to threading operation on the cylindrical threaded pin profile, the value of residual stress is more in it, and since the stress is compressive in nature, it would have a better positive impact while doing FSP/FSW than that of the cylindrical profiled pin tool.