Objective: To determine the Immunohistochemical expression of BRAF V600E and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in ameloblastoma and correlate the expression with age and gender of patients, and patterns and types of ameloblastoma. Material & Methods: 39 cases were retrieved with their formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded blocks, trimmed and cut into 5 microns sections. They were mounted on slides after staining with routine hematoxylin and eosin followed by Immunohistochemical staining of BRAF V600E and EGFR. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative variables. Frequency and percentages were calculated for qualitative variables. Chi-square test was employed to assess the significance of difference. The p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were 19 (41.2%) males and 20 (48.7%) female patients. The mean age of patients at which they presented was 39.97 ± 15.505 (mean ± SD) with an age range between 12 to 65 years. 25 (64.1 %) cases showed positive expression of BRAF V600E and 14 (35.8 %) cases showed negative expression of BRAF V600E. 27 (69.2 %) cases showed positive expression of EGFR whereas 6 (15.3 %) cases showed negative expression of EGFR. The p-value was ≤ 0.05 for expression of BRAF V600E with respect to patterns of ameloblastoma and tumor site and expression of EGFR with respect to sub-types of ameloblastoma.Conclusion: There is positive expression of BRAF V600E (64.1%) and EGFR (74.4%) in different sub-types and patterns of ameloblastoma. Correct assessment with the help of these markers can lead to early diagnosis and use of adjuvant treatment protocols

Gingivitis is one of the commonly known oral diseases globally. Gingival diseases are non- ordinary contamination that embraces an assorted clan of pathological units triggered by numerous etiologic aspects, if left untouched can crack into an added dangerous malady known as periodontitis. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of gingivitis in patients coming to dental care facility i.e., DentoScope Institute of Advanced Dentistry, Rawalpindi and to learn the level of gingivitis and its related hazard aspects. Methods: This was a cross sectional research carried out to evaluate the level of gingivitis amongst the subjects appearing at DentoScope Institute of Advanced Dentistry Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The time of the research was eight months from January 2022 to August 2022. Non-probability purposive sampling was carried out for the collection of the subjects. Results: 400 patients were observed of which 172 (43%) were females and 228 (57 %) were males. With a total of 141 patients out of 400, the age group from 30 to 39 appears to be the largest amongst all other varieties, followed by the 40 to 49 age group, which had a total of 131 patients. Conclusions: Inflamed gingiva, also commonly known as gingivitis is an avoidable normally happening disease in Pakistan that can be initiated by several various causative issues. Amongst diverse related risk aspects that cause gingivitis, chewing tobacco or tobacco smoking is the most regular one reported

Aim: To determine link between a patient's buccal relationship and vertical skeletal corridor region display during a posed grin. Study design: Descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Department of Orthodontic, Ayub Dental College from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methodology: One hundred and seventy patients with normal, additional and insignificant buccal corridors were enrolled. The patient's Frankfort Horizontal plane parallel to the floor, their lips relaxed, and their teeth in centric occlusion, lateral cephalograms were obtained. Results: The measurement of the buccal corridor area visible during a frontal grin varies from 0 mm to 4.50mm. The average size of the buccal corridor was 1.799±0.9904 mm. The ratio of lower anterior facial height towards total anterior facial height ranged from 48° to 67° with mean anterior facial height was 45.246±2.48. Conclusion: Lower anterior facial height has a substantial impact on how much of the buccal corridor region shows during posed smiles, and a rise in ratio causes less buccal corridor area to display. Keywords: Inter-commissure width, Inter-pre-molar width, Inter-pupillary distance

Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the Immunohistochemical expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and its association with nodal metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: A total of 66 cases were studied at Oral pathology/Histopathology, Armed forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi. The tissue sampling and processing yielded the formalin fixed, paraffin wax blocks. These blocks were cut into the thin sections (5 microns) by the microtome and then were mounted on the glass slides. This was followed by the routine H&E staining and then IHC staining (PD-1 and PD-L1) of these tissues mounted slides. For each case a definitive histological diagnosis was made. The two types of variables were analyzed. For qualitative variables frequencies and percentages were calculated whereas for quantitative variables means and standard deviations were analyzed. The Chi-square test then was applied to evaluate the significant difference and p-value of ≤0.05 was taken significant. Results: This study was conducted at Histology department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi over a period of one year from June 2019 to June 2020. It revealed male and female patients with 66.7% (44 Cases) and 33.3% (22cases) percentages respectively. The mean age was found to be 59.53 ± 13.637 (mean ± SD) and the mandible (37.9%) was the most commonly affected site. In total of 66 cases, 48 (72.7%) cases with metastasis of lymph nodes were presented. Out of 66 cases ,47 (71.2%) cases showed positive expression of PD-1 in the TILs seen among the primary tumor of the specimens, whereas, 40 (60.6%) cases showed positive PD-L1 expression in tumor cells of primary tumor.In comparison, as out of 66 cases ,48 (72.5%) cases showed lymph nodes metastasis, out of which 45 showed positive expression for PD-1 and 25 out of those 48 cases showed positive expression for PD-L1 in metastatic lymph nodes. The p-value turned to be significant for PD-1 IHC expression and PD-L1 IHC expression in the primary tumorand metastatic lymph nodes. Conclusion: A significant correlation was inferred among IHC expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 with lymph nodes metastasis. Accurate evaluation, analysis and precise management with aid of IHC markers results in initial and timely diagnosis and favorable treatment outcomes helping in the evaluation of disease course at preliminary diagnosis on incisional biopsies.