Colon and rectal cancers share many environmental risk factors and are both found in individuals with specific genetic syndromes. Carcinomas are rare before the age of 40 years except in individuals with genetic predisposition or predisposing conditions such as chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The incidence is increasing in Indian scenario, therefore there is need to study the disease behaviour, presentations and prognostic factors. AIMSTo analyse various histological parameters of colorectal carcinoma and to correlate these parameters with each other and with Ki-67 wherever available. MATERIAL AND METHODSA total of 200 colectomy done for colorectal carcinoma and received in the Department of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital during 4-year period were analysed with reference to Histological subtype, grade, stage and correlated these parameters and with Ki-67 wherever available. RESULTSMean age of presentation of patients with colon carcinoma was 54.2±14.2years with male female ratio being 1.8:1. Rectosigmoid colon was the commonest site of tumor followed by caecum. Adenocarcinoma NOS with moderate differentiation was the commonest histological subtype. Most common T, N and M stage of presentation was T3, N0 and M0 respectively. Features associated with higher stage were young age, male sex, left sided tumors, signet ring cell & mucinous subtypes, higher grade, infiltrative tumor margins, no lymphocytic response at the advancing edges. MIB 1 labelling index was higher in Stage II patients. CONCLUSIONColorectal carcinomas are less common in Indian population however the incidence is increasing. Therefore the pathologist and clinicians must be aware of precursor lesions and prognostic factors to diagnose and treat the colorectal carcinomas at early stage.

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is an important health problem affecting major population worldwide. It is characterized by absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or insulin action associated with chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. The prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus for all age groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and likely to increase to 4.4% in 2030. The number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 285 million adults in 2010 to 439 million adults in 2030. In India, it is estimated that presently 31.7 million individuals are affected by this deadly disease, which are likely to increase to 79.4 million by the year 2030. Diabetes patients with nephropathy have higher prevalence of thyroid disorder than type 2 DM without nephropathy which may have an influence on diabetic management. Diabetic women are frequently affected than men and hypothyroidism is more common than thyrotoxicosis. Methods: In our study 100 patients with type 2 DM attending Guru Nanak Dev hospital attached to GMC Amritsar were recruited. These patients were divided into two groups of 50 patients each. Group 1 consisted of patients of type 2 DM without nephropathy and group 2 consisted of patients of type 2 DM with nephropathy. Results: Out of 100 patients thyroid dysfunction was more prevalent in diabetic nephropathy group as compared to diabetic without nephropathy group. P-value for thyroid dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy was statistically significant. In our study we found a statistically significant correlation between TSH and serum insulin levels in patients with diabetic and diabetic nephropathy. Higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction like low T3 syndrome and subclinical hypothyroidism was found in women as compared to men. Conclusion: Routine assessment of thyroid hormone level in addition to other biochemical parameters in the early stage of diabetes and diabetes nephropathy will help in the management of those patients who are difficult to manage.