BACKGROUND The current study aims to examine association of dietary live microbes and non-dietary prebiotic/probiotic intake with cognitive function among older US adults, examining heterogeneity across demographic characteristics and diseases. METHODS Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 cycles were selected and administered three cognitive function tests: the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest (CERAD W-L, including immediate [CERAD-IRT] and delayed [CERAD-DRT] memory), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Test-specific and global cognition z-score was created. Based on their estimated dietary live microbes intake, participants were categorized into three groups: low, medium, and high. Text mining was employed to identify non-dietary prebiotic/probiotic usage by examining the names and ingredients of dietary supplements or drugs. RESULTS Participants in the medium (including AFT) and high (including global cognition, AFT, DSST, and CERAD-IRT) dietary live microbes intake group had significantly higher z-score of cognitive function compared to those in the low intake group. Among participants with CVD history, non-dietary prebiotic intake was associated with higher z-score in global cognition and CERAD-DRT compared to those who did not consume prebiotic. Additionally, probiotic intake was linked to higher z-score in global cognition, AFT, and DSST, particularly in participants with diabetes mellitus or hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the intake of dietary live microbes and non-dietary probiotic/prebiotic was association with better cognitive function in older adults, particularly in specific disease states.

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The aim of the present experiment was to study the feasibility of supplementing a multi-strain probiotic (MSP, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum) culture by the technology of post-spraying, the viability of the MSP in the post-spraying and storage process, growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota of grass carp were assessed. Grass carp (41.4 ± 1.8 g) was fed with a basal diet (control group) and the MSP-basal diet containing 105 CFU/g (T1 group) or 106 CFU/g (T2 group) probiotics supplemented by the post-spraying technology in 9 cages (100 fish/ cage) for 6 weeks. The population of the probiotics was appraised (Log CFU) for 30 days. The results revealed that the viability of the B. subtilis and L. plantarum was 98.14% and 98.09% in the process of post-spraying technology, 99.13% and 99.10% after 30 days of storage respectively. The diet supplemented MSP significantly improved the percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival rate (SR) of grass carp, and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant improvement on the digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity was shown in the MSP groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the MSP beneficially modulated the intestinal microbiota of grass carp. Overall, these results indicated that the post-spraying technology supplied a feasible and potential way to supplement the liquid probiotics culture in the aquatic feedstuff industry with high viability to promote the liquid probiotics application.