Canada is one of the top energy users and CO 2 emitters among the OECD countries. However, energy intensity has been declining, on average, by about 1.4 percent since 1980. In this paper, we use the Fisher Ideal Index to determine the contribution of changes in the composition of economic activities and efficiency to a decline in energy intensity in Canada at national, provincial, and industry levels. We also apply panel data estimation methods to further investigate the factors driving energy intensity, efficiency and activity indexes for the period 1981-2008. We test for endogeneity as well as cross-section dependency in the provincial data and control for factors such as climate, policy, and energy endowment. The national and provincial decomposition results suggest that most of the reduction in energy intensity has occurred mainly due to improvements in energy efficiency rather than shifts in economic activities. Within the industry, while energy intensity has declined significantly in manufacturing, it has remained stable in transportation, utilities, and construction, and increased significantly in oil extraction and mining industries. The provincial panel regression results indicate that energy intensity is higher in provinces with higher average incomes, faster population growth, colder climate, and a higher capital-labour ratio, and lower in provinces with higher energy prices and higher investment. The industry panel regression results show that investment has contributed to energy efficiency in utilities and mining and to a shift away from energy-intensive activities in manufacturing and transportation industries. Technological advances have been most effective in increasing energy efficiency in construction and utilities and in decreasing energy-intensive activities in manufacturing industries. The results indicate that although efficiency contributes to a reduction in energy intensity in Canada, increasing activity in energy-intensive industries, such as oil and mining, partially offsets the efficiency gains in other industries.

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Renewable energy sources are abundantly available in Africa due to the continent’s geographical location. For example, it is the sunniest continent on earth with about 85% of the landscape having solar insolation of approximately 2000 kWh/m2 in a year and also with a large stretch of coastline where both wind and wave energy resources are abundant. The available renewable energy sources are underutilised due to many challenges such as inadequate funds, bad or nonexistent policies, and unavailability of skilled labour. This paper, therefore, aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy on Africa and the world as a whole if these renewables are utilised efficiently. The paper again will look into the reasons why renewable energies in Africa are underutilised and recommend possible solutions to these problems as well. Moreover, the paper will discuss the social, economic and environmental impacts of utilising renewable energy in Africa regarding jobs creation, infrastructure development, revenue creation, and reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. The efficient utilization of these renewable energy resources will make Africa a powerhouse of clean energy production for its use and export.

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