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Summary Expression of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor sharply increases with age in most mammalian tissues, and contributes to an age-induced functional decline of certain self-renewing compartments. did not independently correlate with gender or bodymass index, but was significantly associated with tobacco use and physical inactivity. In addition, p16 INK4a expression was associated with plasma interleukin-6 concentration, a marker of human frailty. These data suggest that p16 INK4a expression in PBTL is an easily measured, peripheral blood biomarker of molecular age.

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We evaluated a program of payments for ecosystem services in Uganda that offered forest-owning households annual payments of 70,000 Ugandan shillings per hectare if they conserved their forest. The program was implemented as a randomized controlled trial in 121 villages, 60 of which received the program for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in land area covered by trees, measured by classifying high-resolution satellite imagery. We found that tree cover declined by 4.2% during the study period in treatment villages, compared to 9.1% in control villages. We found no evidence that enrollees shifted their deforestation to nearby land. We valued the delayed carbon dioxide emissions and found that this program benefit is 2.4 times as large as the program costs.