Bent trees have been observed during the early years in juvenile plantations (less than 5 years-old) of Tectona grandis in Costa Rica. The relationship between bending and the morphological characteristics of the trees was explored. An evaluation of bent trees was conducted in six juvenile plantations (8,17,27,28,31, and 54 months old) of Tectona grandis. Site 1 with 8-month-old plantations did not display any relationship with any tree morphological variable (diameter, height, and crown weight of tree), whereas for the sites 2, 3, and 4 with 17-, 27-, and 28-month-old plantations, respectively, all the tree morphological variables were statistically correlated with the bent trees. A multiple regression analysis showed that the most influential variables were height to crown base, crown weight, diameter, and total height of the tree. An evaluation of the bending risk factor (RF) was correlated with the height to crown base, crown weight, and form factor. The modulus of elasticity and chemical compositions of bent trees differed from those of straight trees. The causes of tree bending are complex, involving, among other factors, the morphology of the trees, plantation conditions, and other factors specific to the xylem, such as the specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, and presence of calcium and magnesium in the wood.

RESUMO:Os modelos de crescimento para o DAP e da altura total vs. idade, expresso em meses efetivos, com base em 1571 e 910 parcelas em todo o país, respetivamente, foram ajustados. A altura total foi medida com uma vara telescópica ou tamben, em árvores na terra. Ele foi definido como o crescimento naõ efetivo a partir do momento em que um défice de água ou quando a caducidade excedeu 75% da árvore. Usando dendrômetros corrobora-se a paragem do crescimento. Os modelos ajustados para DAP foram com um R 2 de 0,827 e 0,897 para a altura total. Visando determinar o crescimento esperado de uma plantação de teca no país em qualquer mês de idade (primeiros 5 a 6 anos de idade), fram adjustados uma curva média nacional, uma curva de limite superior e uma curva de limite inferior, que respondem por 67% da variação total. As curvas de crescimento refletem a aplicação de um pacote silvicultural baseada em sementes melhoradas ou clones, com controle adequado de plantas daninhas primeiros anos, a correção da acidez quando necessário e realizar a desrama e desbaste oportuno. Estes modelos são uma ferramenta da qualidade para o controle do crescimento de teca na Costa Rica. Suas informações serão úteis para a tomada de decisões em projetos de investimento com esta espécie. No futuro, estes modelos poderão ser empregados nas avaliações de produtividade da teca no país.Palavras-chave: teca, crescimento, estresse hídrico, controle de qualidade. Effective monthly growth in teak plantation (Tectona grandis) in Costa RicaABSTRACT: The growth models for the DBH and total height vs. age, expressed in effective months based in 1571 and 910 plots across the country, respectively, were adjusted. The overall height was measured with a telescopic pole or Too I in trees on earth. It was defined as the effective no growth from the time when a water deficit or when the expiry exceeded 75% of the tree. Using dendrometers supports to growth arrest. The models were adjusted for PAD with an R 2 of 0.827 and 0.897 for total height. In order to determine the expected growth of a teak plantation in the country in any month of age (first 5 to 6 years old), were adjusted a national average curve, an upper limit curve and a lower limit curve, which account for 67 % of total variation. The growth rates reflect the application of a forestry package based on improved seeds or clones, with adequate weed control early years, the correction when necessary acidity and perform the appropriate pruning and thinning. These models are a tool for quality control of teak growth in Costa Rica. Your information will be useful for decision-making in investment projects with this species. In the future, these models maybe used in teak productivity assessments in the country.

Bent trees have been observed during the early years in juvenile plantations (less than 5 years-old) of Tectona grandis in Costa Rica. The relationship between bending and the morphological characteristics of the trees was explored. An evaluation of bent trees was conducted in six juvenile plantations (8,17,27,28,31, and 54 months old) of Tectona grandis. Site 1 with 8-month-old plantations did not display any relationship with any tree morphological variable (diameter, height, and crown weight of tree), whereas for the sites 2, 3, and 4 with 17-, 27-, and 28-month-old plantations, respectively, all the tree morphological variables were statistically correlated with the bent trees. A multiple regression analysis showed that the most influential variables were height to crown base, crown weight, diameter, and total height of the tree. An evaluation of the bending risk factor (RF) was correlated with the height to crown base, crown weight, and form factor. The modulus of elasticity and chemical compositions of bent trees differed from those of straight trees. The causes of tree bending are complex, involving, among other factors, the morphology of the trees, plantation conditions, and other factors specific to the xylem, such as the specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, and presence of calcium and magnesium in the wood.

Las leishmaniasis son infecciones crónicas causadas por protozoarios intracelulares del género Leishmania, son transmitidas al ser humano mediante la picadura de flebótomos infectados. Las lesiones cutáneas aparecen principalmente en áreas expuestas como cara y extremidades. El diagnóstico es difícil por la clínica inespecífica y el crecimiento lento del parásito en cultivos. Se presenta el caso clínico de una niña de 8 años de edad, con lesión nodular en la mejilla izquierda, eritematosa, no dolorosa ni pruriginosa, diagnosticada en biopsia de piel. Se administró anfotericina B complejo lipídico por 21 días, obteniendo mejoría clínica.