Retinol (n = 17 spp.) and a-tocopherol (n = 9 spp.) concentrations in whole fish utilized for captive animal feeding programs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following routine storage and preparation after commercial purchase by two zoological institutions. Vitamin A activity was calculated from retinol values and ranged from 55 IU/100 g (immature herring) to >2,000 IU/lOO g (salmon) on an as-fed basis. a-Tocopherol values, a measure of vitamin E activity, ranged from 0.9 IU/100 g (butterfish) to 12.3 IU/100 g (tilapia) on a wet basis. Vitamin levels in whole fish were intermediate to values previously quantified for muscle or liver tissues alone. Vitamin concentrations in fish livers were quantified separately in seven of these species; liver contributed 35-63% of total retinol measured and 8-34% of total a-tocopherol. Based on these analyses, whole fish commonly fed in zoos, aquariums, and marine zoological parks would appear to meet vitamin A requirements established for most species without additional supplementation, whereas levels of vitamin E quantified indicate a need for supplementation of diets for piscivores.

definition. The most common occurrence is due to supraaortic and aortic arch features that vary widely within each study. They often lead to increased access time, procedural time, and decreased successful recanalization and clinical outcomes.