SUMMARYWe studied changes in species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella during 1980-2008, using the Diarrhoeal Diseases Surveillance system of Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B. In hospitalized patients Shigella prevalence decreased steadily from 8-12 % in the 1980s to 3% in 2008. Endemic S. flexneri was the most commonly isolated species (54 %). Epidemic S. dysenteriae type 1 had two peaks in 1984 and 1993, but was not found after 2000, except for one case in 2004. The therapeutic options are now limited : in 2008 a total of 33 % of S. flexneri were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 57 % to mecillinam. In the <5 years age group, severely underweight, wasted and stunted children were more at risk of shigellosis compared to well-nourished children (P<0 . 001). Although hospitalization for Shigella diarrhoea is decreasing, the high levels of antimicrobial resistance and increased susceptibility of malnourished children continue to pose an ongoing risk.
The vibration from chain saws can cause vibration-induced white finger disease (VWFD). Measurements of vibration levels on the front and rear handles of different chain saw-types, and on the operator's middle finger were collected at three logging camps on Vancouver Island. Factors effecting the vibration levels on the finger and handles were investigated. The acceleration at the firing frequency was found to be the dominant factor effecting handle and finger vibration. Other factors which were investigated were: grip force; the presence of handle covers; and chain sharpening procedure. Weighted acceleration levels are calculated and this information is used to assess the latency period for fallers to develop VWF disease.
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