Tuberculosis is a pandemic, chronic infectious disease which affects more than 10 million people in the world. About 3.5% of patients of newly diagnosed have reported having multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The standard treatment of MDR-TB has many cons like high cost, less effectiveness, and more drug interactions. Thus, to overcome these disadvantages a new novel compound which belongs to the diarylquinolone group called bedaquiline has been developed as a part of combination therapy in adults with MDR-TB for its bactericidal activity. It mainly acts by inhibiting the adenosine triphosphate synthase enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This drug was introduced as a new addition to the standard TB regimen after 50 years.

Extraction is the first most important step for preparing herbal drug formulations. It serves as an alternate method to identify the lead compound by isolating the active compounds from the crude drug using various extraction techniques by adding suitable solvent. Selection of solvent is the most important step as the success rate depends on it. Thus, by identifying the lead compound, extraction plays an important role in the process of drug discovery. In this review, different methods of extraction used for extracting the herbal extracts have been discussed with their advantages and disadvantages and also a brief discussion on solvent selection and actions of few phytochemicals have also been discussed.

Background: Patient adherence to treatment is crucial for successful therapy while treating chronic conditions like diabetes mellitus. Medication possession ratio (MPR) and proportion of Days Covered (PDC) are the most common measures of medication adherence using refill records. Methods: A prospective hospital-based longitudinal study was carried out among elderly patients, both males and females on oral hypoglycaemic medication from May-August 2019 in the Department of General Medicine in Puducherry. MPR was calculated as the sum of the days' supply for all fills of a given drug in a particular period divided by the number of days in the period while PDC was calculated as the number of days the drug supplied during the study period divided by the number of days in the study period. MPR and PDC ≥ 80% was considered as adherence to medication. Results: In our study, 80% of elderly diabetic patients were adherent to medication according to medication possession ratio (MPR), while adherence according to the proportion of days covered was much lesser and was only 64.4%. We found a significant association between medication adherence in elderly diabetic patient’s factors such as monthly family income, literacy, and presence of a caretaker while there was no association between medication adherence in elderly diabetic patients upon the age of the patient, number of drugs prescribed and monthly cost of the medicines. Conclusion: Medication adherence in elderly diabetic patients mainly depends on many factors such as monthly family income, literacy and presence of the caretaker and not depending upon the age of the patient, number of drugs prescribed and monthly cost of the medicines. Larger studies are necessary to realize the proper impact of nonadherence on this group of the population

According to WHO, irrational prescribing is a disease which is difficult to treat but prevention is possible. There are many factors which contributes for this irrational prescribing like patient factors, practitioners/doctor factors, influence from pharmaceutical industry or combination of all.

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