African swine fever virus manipulates the cell cycle of infected G0 cells by inducing its progression via unblocking cells from the G0 to S phase and then arresting them in the G2 phase. DNA synthesis in infected alveolar macrophages starts at 10–12 h post infection. DNA synthesis in the nuclei of G0 cells is preceded by the activation of the viral genes K196R, A240L, E165R, F334L, F778R, and R298L involved in the synthesis of nucleotides and the regulation of the cell cycle. The activation of these genes in actively replicating cells begins later and is less pronounced. The subsequent cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase is also due to the cessation of the synthesis of cellular factors that control the progression of the cell cycle–cyclins. This data describes the manipulation of the cell cycle by the virus to gain access to the nucleotides synthesized by the cell. The genes affecting the cell cycle simply remain disabled until the beginning of cellular DNA synthesis (8–9 hpi). The genes responsible for the synthesis of nucleotides are turned on later in the presence of nucleotides and their transcriptional activity is lower than that during virus replication in an environment without nucleotides.

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Background and Aim: A drawback of studies on bat blood smears in the field is the lack of time for fixation because blood sampling using a non-lethal method often provides less time for fixation in smear preparations due to the small volume of blood collected. Usually, there is insufficient blood for another smear preparation, so it is necessary to use blood smears as rationally as possible, especially for rare bats. Many stains are used for staining peripheral blood smears, and they have advantages and disadvantages. This study aimed to examine commonly used stains for blood smears to select the best stain for staining peripheral blood smears in bats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 blood smears of Rhinolophus spp. bats were examined using several blood staining methods. Four methods that showed the best results were used in further experiments: Romanowsky-Giemsa, Pappenheim, hematoxylin-eosin, and eosin methylene blue. Results: Comparative analysis of different methods for staining bat blood smears revealed that the most convenient method for analyzing blood cells is Pappenheim method. Conclusion: Staining blood smears using Pappenheim method yield the least number of unsuccessful blood smear stains and are quite effective for the morphological analysis of blood cells.