Objectives: Persistent anal high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is a major risk factor for anal cancer among MSM and transgender women (TGW). We aimed to estimate incidence, clearance, and persistence of anal HR-HPV in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM and TGW, and to assess factors for HR-HPV persistence. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: MSM and TGW aged at least 18 years, were enrolled from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, then followed up 6-monthly for 12 months. Anal swabs were collected at every visit for HR-HPV genotypes to define anal HR-HPV incidence, clearance, and persistence. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with HR-HPV persistence. Results: Three hundred and twenty-five MSM and TGW were included in this study, of whom 72.3% were HIV-positive. The incidence of anal HR-HPV persistence was higher in HIV-positive than HIV-negative MSM participants (28.4/1000 vs. 13.9/1000 person-months). HIV-positive participants had HR-HPV lower clearance rate than HIV-negative participants (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.7). The overall persistence of HR-HPV was 39.9% in HIV-positive and 22.8% HIV-negative participants. HPV-16 was the most persistent HR-HPV in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants. HIV infection (aOR 2.87; 95% CI 1.47–5.61), living in Kuala Lumpur (aOR 4.99; 95% CI 2.22–11.19) and Bali (aOR 3.39; 95% CI 1.07–10.75), being employed/freelance (aOR 3.99; 95% CI 1.48–10.77), and not being circumcised (aOR 2.29; 95% CI 1.07–4.88) were independently associated with anal HR-HPV persistence. Conclusion: HIV-positive MSM and TGW had higher risk of persistent anal HR-HPV infection. Prevention program should be made available and prioritized for HIV-positive MSM and TGW where resources are limited.

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Sebuah virus corona baru diidentifikasi sebagai SARS-CoV-2, pertama kali teridentifikasi di Wuhan, Cina, pada Desember 2019 dan dikenal dengan nama COVID-19. Memiliki 85% homologi dengan SARS-CoV, S-protein pada virus ini akan mengikat reseptor target (ACE2) pada manusia terutama pada paru, jantung, dan ginjal. COVID-19 memiliki masa inkubasi lebih lama dan penularannya lebih tinggi. Penularan terjadi melalui droplet saluran nafas dan kontak erat dengan penderita. Pandemi terjadi dengan sangat cepat,  hingga 19 Mei 2020 telah teridentifikasi 4.943.077 kasus dengan angka kematian 321.998 orang dari 212 negara. Gejala yang paling sering muncul adalah demam, fatique, batuk kering, myalgia, dan sesak. Tingkat keparahan penyakit meningkat pada lansia dan penderita dengan komorbid (penyakit jantung, diabetes melitus, penyakit paru kronis, hipertensi, dan kanker). Infeksi ini memiliki CFR sebesar 2.3% dan komplikasi yang paling sering menyebabkan kematian adalah komplikasi pada jantung dan paru. Hingga saat ini belum ditemukan pengobatan yang tepat maupun vaksin untuk penyakit ini, namun penelitian guna pengembangan pengobatan dan vaksin terus dilakukan di seluruh dunia. Upaya maksimal harus dilakukan karena wabah ini mempengaruhi infrastruktur kesehatan publik, ekonomi, dan seluruh aspek di semua negara di dunia. Tindakan pencegahan adalah sangat penting sebagai upaya memutus mata rantai penularan COVID-19.

A novel type of coronavirus, identified as 2019-nCoV or COVID-19, appeared in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and continued to spread in 2020. On January 24th, 2020, about 830 cases were reported in nine countries, namely: China, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Nepal, Vietnam, the United States, and Taiwan. Also, about 26 confirmed deaths have been recorded, especially for patients with serious underlying diseases. On March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Until June 3rd, 2020, this outbreak virus caused over 6,500,000 detected infection cases in 210 countries and territories and around 383,000 confirmed death cases. Although information about the appearance of the virus, i.e., its origin and capacity to spread among people, is still unclear, there are growing numbers of cases that are occurring from the communication of infected people with uninfected ones. 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus which was detected in humans in the past two decades, after SARS-CoV and Middle Eastern Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that appeared in 2002 and 2012, respectively. In this review, we summarized the up-to-date information regarding COVID-19’s origin, ways of spread, patients’ symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

Presently, plant oils which contain high percentage of linoleic acid 1 are perceived to be a viable alternative to mineral oil for biolubricant applications due to their biodegradability and technical properties. In order to get biodegradable lubricant, triester derivatives compounds (1–5) were synthesized and characterized. The processes involved were monoepoxidation of linoleic acid 2, oxirane ring opening 3, esterification 4 and acylation 5. The structures of the products were confirmed by FTIR, 1H and 13C-NMR and LC-MS. The results that showed lowest temperature properties were obtained for triester 5, with a pour point value (PP) of -73°C, highest onset temperature (260°C) and lowest volatility at 0.30%. Viscosity index (VI) increased for the ester’s synthetic compounds (2, 3, 4, 5), while the PP decreased. This behavior is the result of the increase of the chain length of the branching agents. Triester based linoleic acid has improved properties such as low-temperature and tribological properties. These results will make it feasible for plant oil to be used for biolubricants, fuels in chain saws, transmission oil and brake fluid.