Abstract-Wave-propagation equations, including effectively the second derivative in time under the condition of a small difference between the group and phase velocities and the first derivative in position in the group velocity coordinate, are derived based on the slowly evolving wave approximation. These can describe ultrabroadband optical pulse propagation with not only self-phase modulation (SPM), but also induced-phase modulation (IPM) in the monocycle regime in a fiber. It is shown that linear dispersion effects can be rigorously included in the numerical calculations. Calculations including SPM in a single-mode fused-silica fiber with the Raman effect are performed and compared with experimental results. Also, calculations including IPM in the fused-silica fiber are compared with experimental results. The effects of each term in the calculations on spectra are analyzed and it is shown that inclusion of the Raman effect and the dispersion of the effective core area is important for obtaining better agreement with experiments. It is shown that inclusion of more than third-order dispersion terms is necessary for calculations of monocycle pulse propagation.Index Terms-Nonlinear fiber optics, ultrabroadband and monocycle pulse propagation, self-and induced-phase modulation.

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ABSTRACT. An adult female Japanese monkey was chosen as a focal animal in order to assess the nutritional condition of the species during winter on Kinkazan Island, which is covered by deciduous forest of the cool temperate zone. Five whole-day-long observations were performed at the end of November (late autumn) and also at the end of February (late winter).In November, the daily energy intake and protein intake were estimated to be 1,449 kcal and 36 g, respectively: both satisfied the intake requirement even in view of a digestibility of 55 ~. These findings suggest that the focal animal could accumulate body fat in November, In contrast, in February, the daily energy intake and protein intake were estimated to be 556 kcal and 12 g, respectively: both did not satisfy the intake requirement in view of a digestibility of 55 %. These findings suggest that the focal animal consumed accumulated body fat in February.Various data for food intake, nutritional content, etc. on Kinkazan were compared with those on Koshima, which is covered by evergreen forest of the warm temperate zone. The nutritional intake in February on Kinkazan was much smaller than that in November on Kinkazan as well as those in November and February on Koshima. The small intake of the former appeared to be strongly influenced by the sigffficantly lower speed of dry weight intake, which derived partly from the significantly lighter unit weight of the food items (e.g., buds of Zanthoxylum piperitum, Castanea crenata, and Comus macrophylla; leaves and stems of Oplismenus uadulatifolius and Zoysia japonica). The monkeys on Kinkazan Island increased their food diversity, shortened their daily travel distance, and avoided repeated use of sites within their home range to offset the deterioration of the food quality in February.

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