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The purpose of this paper is, as part of the stratification of Cohen–Macaulay rings, to investigate the question of when the fiber products are almost Gorenstein rings. We show that the fiber product $R \times _T S$ of Cohen–Macaulay local rings R, S of the same dimension $d>0$ over a regular local ring T with $\dim T=d-1$ is an almost Gorenstein ring if and only if so are R and S. In addition, the other generalizations of Gorenstein properties are also explored.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are expected to become widespread as an energy conversion technology that can directly produce electrical energy from fuel. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are essentially SOFCs operating in reverse to produce fuel from electricity. The exchange current density is one of the most important parameters to simulate SOEC/SOFC. In this study, experimental data was evaluated as apparent exchange current density and the effects of SOEC/SOFC operation and different electrode materials were discussed.

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