Lamina propria (LP) macrophages are constantly exposed to commensal bacteria, and are refractory to those antigens in an interleukin (IL)-10-dependent fashion. However, the mechanisms that discriminate hazardous invasion by bacteria from peaceful co-existence with them remain elusive. Here we show that CD169+ macrophages reside not at the villus tip, but at the bottom-end of the LP microenvironment. Following mucosal injury, the CD169+ macrophages recruit inflammatory monocytes by secreting CCL8. Selective depletion of CD169+ macrophages or administration of neutralizing anti-CCL8 antibody ameliorates the symptoms of experimentally induced colitis in mice. Collectively, we identify an LP-resident macrophage subset that links mucosal damage and inflammatory monocyte recruitment. Our results suggest that CD169+ macrophage-derived CCL8 serves as an emergency alert for the collapse of barrier defence, and is a promising target for the suppression of mucosal injury.

SynopsisThe pervaporation of the athermal liquid mixture of benzene-toluene by a PET membrane was examined. Sorbed amounts of benzene and toluene in the PET membrane were almost similar to each other, and each amount of them sorbed from the mixture showed linear relationships to their weight fraction in the mixture. The permeation rate of benzene from its single liquid was 2.5 times of that of toluene, and the permeation rates of benzene and toluene from mixtures of various composition showed concave and convex curves to the feed axis, respectively. Semilogarithmic relations between the apparent diffusion coefficient for toluene-PET, obained from steady-state permeation rates and sorbed amounts, and its concentration in the membrane showed a negative slope. This result could be explained by the fact that the diffusion rate of one component in pervaporation of the binary liquid mixture was affected by the other coexisting in the system.

Cellulose nitrate(NC)-Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) blended membranes were obtained transparently by casting their mixtures in acetone. The permselectivity of the membranes for mixtures of H2O and some alcohols was examined by pervaporation. Glass transition temperature, density and molar refractive index of the blends at various compositions showed almost linear dependences on the composition, which suggested a good compatibility of these polymers. The interaction parameters between NC and PMA obtained by sorption experiments of H20 and the alcohols showed negative values which indicated their good compatibility. The sorbed amounts and permeation rates of H2O and the alcohols and the apparent diffusion coefficient of H2O showed minimum values at a composition of NC : PMA=1 : 1 in volume ratio, as suggested by the interaction parameters between NC and PMA. Maximum separation factors for H20 and the alcohols were obtained for the 1:1 composition membrane.

Various amides, including some with bulky substituents, are prepared in good yields from free carboxylic acids and amines under mild conditions by a one-step method using new condensing agents 2-halo-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4,2-oxadiazaphospholes, especially 5-methyl-2-chloro-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4,2-oxadiazaphosphole.

The present work proposes a method to fabricate indium tin oxide (ITO) particles using precursor particles synthesized with a combination of a homogeneous precipitation method and a seeding technique, and it also describes their electronic conductivity properties. Seed nanoparticles were produced using a co-precipitation method with aqueous solutions of indium (III) chloride, tin (IV) chloride aqueous solution and sodium hydroxide. Three types of ITO nanoparticles were fabricated. The first type was fabricated using the co-precipitation method (c-ITO). The second and third types were fabricated using a homogeneous precipitation method with the seed nanoparticles (s-ITO) and without seeds (n-ITO). The as-prepared precursor particles were annealed in air at 500 • C, and their crystal structures were cubic ITO. The c-ITO nanoparticles formed irregular-shaped agglomerates of nanoparticles. The n-ITO nanoparticles had a rectangular-parallelepiped or quasi-cubic structure. Most s-ITO nanoparticles had a quasi-cubic structure, and their size was larger than the n-ITO particles. The volume resistivities of the c-ITO, n-ITO and s-ITO powders decreased in that order because the regular-shaped particles were made to strongly contact with each other.