This study examined the efficacy of YM175 [disodium dihydrogen (cycloheptylamino) methylene-1, 1-bisphosphonate] in reducing alveolar bone loss caused by experimental periodontitis in beagle dogs. Thirty-six dogs were used and divided into 6 groups. Periodontitis was induced in 30 dogs (groups 2-6) by ligating the bilateral mandibular third and fourth premolar teeth with silk ligatures and by feeding a soft diet. Six dogs were sham-operated (group 1). Saline (placebo), flurbiprofen (0.02 mg/kg) and YM175 (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered to the dogs (groups 2-6) 5 d/wk for 25 wk. Radiographic and morphometric analyses were performed. In placebo-treated animals (group 2), the ligation caused a significant decrease in the alveolar bone height by 0.57 and 1.91 mm at 2 and 25 wk, respectively. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) prevented the decrease in bone height by 47 and 31% at 2 and 25 wk. YM175 (0.1 mg/kg) and flurbiprofen tended to prevent bone loss after 15 wk. Although the ligation elicited no significant change in bone mineral density, it significantly decreased bone volume. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) and flurbiprofen tended to increase the bone volume. The number of formative or resorptive Haversian canals and the bone turnover through the periosteal bone surface were increased by the ligation, indicating the increased turnover of the cortical bone. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) reduced the increased bone turnover. The gingival index was maximally increased at 2 wk and was suppressed by YM175. These results suggest that YM175 prevents alveolar bone loss by reducing the increased alveolar bone turnover in dogs with periodontitis.

We evaluated the effect of YM175 on bone in ovariectomized beagles fed a calcium-restricted diet for 18 months. Groups 1 (n = 6) and 2 (n = 6) underwent sham operation, and groups 3-6 were ovariectomized at the age of 21 months. Group 1 was fed standard dog chow (calcium: 1.4%), and groups 2-6 were given a low calcium diet (0.14%). Groups 3 (n = 7), 4 (n = 7), 5 (n = 7), and 6 (n = 7) were given YM175 orally at doses of 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg/day, respectively. At the end of the experimental period, bone mineral density values measured in the lumbar (L2) vertebra, the femoral neck, and the midfemur, were reduced in groups 2 and 3. Bone strength, measured by compression tests on L2 body and L3 cancellous core specimens and by bending tests on the femoral neck, also decreased. YM175 treatment dose-dependently increased the values of these parameters. However, the reduction in torsional stiffness in the midfemur was not completely prevented. In the L4 body, trabecular thickness decreased in group 2 and trabecular separation increased in group 3. YM175 treatment prevented these changes, and the values in group 6 were maintained at the same levels as those in group 1. Bone formation rates were increased in groups 2 and 3. YM175 treatment decreased these indices, but the reduction was incomplete even with the highest dose (group 6). These results demonstrate that, in our model, YM175 maintained the mass, structure, and mechanical properties of cancellous bone. Increased bone turnover was not completely prevented by the doses employed, but the balance between net resorption and formation in one remodeling cycle would have been equilibrated by YM175.

This study examined the efficacy of YM175 [disodium dihydrogen (cycloheptylamino) methylene‐1,1‐bisphosphonate] in reducing alveolar bone loss caused by experimental periodontitis in beagle dogs. Thirty‐six dogs were used and divided into 6 groups. Periodontitis was induced in 30 dogs (groups 2‐6) by ligating the bilateral mandibular third and fourth premolar teeth with silk ligatures and by feeding a soft diet. Six dogs were sham‐operated (group 1). Saline (placebo), flurbiprofen (0.02mg/kg) and YM175 (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered to the dogs (groups 2‐6) 5 d/wk for 25 wk. Radiographic and morphometric analyses were performed. In placebo‐treated animals (group 2), the ligation caused a significant decrease in the alveolar bone height by 0.57 and 1.91 mm at 2 and 25 wk, respectively. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) prevented the decrease in bone height by 47 and 31% at 2 and 25 wk. YM175 (0.1 mg/kg) and flurbiprofen tended to prevent bone loss after 15 wk. Although the ligation elicited no significant change in bone mineral density, it significantly decreased bone volume. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) and flurbiprofen tended to increase the bone volume. The number of formative or resorptive Haversian canals and the bone turnover through the periosteal bone surface were increased by the ligation, indicating the increased turnover of the cortical bone. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) reduced the increased bone turnover. The gingival index was maximally increased at 2 wk and was suppressed by YM175. These results suggest that YM175 prevents alveolar bone loss by reducing the increased alveolar bone turnover in dogs with periodontitis.

We examined mechanisms by which incadronate disodium (YM175) prevented bone resorption in ovariectomized dogs with dietary calcium restriction using the morphometrical method. YM175 (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) was given to ovariectomized dogs for 18 months. Because lumbar bone mineral density remained constant at month 17, we assumed that the trabecular bone resorption rate was equal to the bone formation rate and that wall thickness equaled resorption cavity depth. YM175 decreased both the bone resorption rate per number of osteoclasts and resorption cavity depth of cancellous pockets which were increased in ovariectomized dogs. These results suggest that YM175 reduces bone loss by decreasing the resorbing activity of osteoclasts.

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