Transplantation of whole bone marrow cells may be a better and more readily available treatment for Achilles tendon rupture than cultured mesenchymal stem cells.
Coherent vortices are extracted from data obtained by direct numerical simulation ͑DNS͒ of three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence performed for different Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers, ranging from Re = 167 to 732, in order to study their role with respect to the flow intermittency. The wavelet-based extraction method assumes that coherent vortices are what remains after denoising, without requiring any template of their shape. Hypotheses are only made on the noise that, as the simplest guess, is considered to be additive, Gaussian, and white. The vorticity vector field is projected onto an orthogonal wavelet basis, and the coefficients whose moduli are larger than a given threshold are reconstructed in physical space, the threshold value depending on the enstrophy and the resolution of the field, which are both known a priori. The DNS dataset, computed with a dealiased pseudospectral method at resolutions N = 256 3 , 512 3 , 1024 3 , and 2048 3 , is analyzed. It shows that, as the Reynolds number increases, the percentage of wavelet coefficients representing the coherent vortices decreases; i.e., flow intermittency increases. Although the number of degrees of freedom necessary to track the coherent vortices remains small ͑e.g., 2.6% of N = 2048 3 for Re = 732͒, it preserves the nonlinear dynamics of the flow. It is thus conjectured that using the wavelet representation the number of degrees of freedom to compute fully developed turbulent flows could be reduced in comparison to the standard estimation based on Kolmogorov's theory.
Our results indicate that Chop plays a direct role in chondrocyte apoptosis and that Chop-mediated apoptosis contributes to the progression of cartilage degeneration in mice.
We have conducted geochemical and mineralogical investigations of the rare earth and yttrium (REY)-rich mud from the Minami-Torishima area in the Pacific in order to clarify the concentration of REY and their host-phase in the mud. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the mud is mainly composed of phillipsite, fluorapatite, quartz, albite, illite and montmorillonite. Whole-rock CaO, P2O5 and total REY contents of the mud are positively correlated. Relative abundance of apatite is also positively correlated to P2O5 and total REY contents. These correlations suggest that apatite is the main host of the P2O5 and REY in the mud. We make in situ compositional analyses of constituent minerals in the REY mud. The results show that the apatite is abundant in REY (9300-32,000 ppm) and is characterized by a negative Ce anomaly and enrichment in heavy rare-earth elements. This abundance and composition of REY of the mud is similar those of fish debris apatites. In contrast, phillipsite is less abundant in REY (60-170 ppm). Therefore we conclude that the main REY host phase of the mud is apatite.
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