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The presence of Jews in Iran has always had its ups and downs. Naturally, political and social changes have influenced their way of life and the interaction of religious minorities in the urban context and neighbourhoods of Tehran. Politics rules society. The architecture of the religious buildings of religious minorities, on the one hand, influences the urban context and, on the other, is influenced by the sociopolitical conditions and structures that govern society. Cities are places for religious presentations and celebrations, which form part of urban consumer cultures and contribute to constructing urban identities and city images. In Iran, Jews are recognized minorities and scattered throughout the country. This study investigates the relationship between urban spaces and religious buildings, especially synagogues in Tehran, the capital of Iran.

Since 1800s, numerous wars have impacted the cities of Iran. Regarding the urban artwork in Tehran, the capital of Iran, the following question comes to mind: What approach has the urban artwork adopted to represent the war and its related concepts? Adopting a documentary research approach and investigating the concept of war in different eras, this paper attempts to study the sculptures in urban spaces as documents. Based on the books and historical documents, a total of 192 sculptures, which were built from the Qajar dynasty to 2016 have been examined in this study. During the Qajar dynasty, the governments have used sculptures, especially the ones placed in city squares, to demonstrate their power. After the Constitutional Revolution, figures denoting concepts of justice and freedom became pervasive in the squares up until the end of the Pahlavi dynasty. After the Islamic Revolution, the Iran-Iraq war has been called Sacred Defense and the goal of creating statues has been changed to express revolutionary and ideological concepts. Figurative sculptures and busts have been made as a tribute to the martyrs of the Iran-Iraq war.