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In this paper, design and performance analysis of bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA)-optimized fuzzy PI/PID (FPI/FPID) controller for automatic generation control of multi-area interconnected traditional/restructured electrical power systems is presented. Firstly a traditional two-area non-reheat thermal system is considered, and gains of the fuzzy controller are tuned employing BFOA using integral of squared error objective function. The supremacy of this controller is demonstrated by juxtaposing the results with particle swarm optimization (PSO), firefly algorithm (FA), BFOA, hybrid BFOA-PSObased PI and fuzzy PI controllers based upon pattern search (PS) and PSO algorithms for the same power system structure. The approach is then extended to a two-area reheat system, and improved results are found with the purported FPI/FPID controller in comparison with PSO and artificial bee colony optimized PI controller. Further, the approach is implemented on a traditional multi-source multi-area (MSMA) hydrothermal system and its superb performance is observed over genetic algorithm and hybrid FA-PS tuned PI controller. Additionally, to demonstrate the scalability of the designed controller to cope with restructured power system, the study is also protracted to a restructured MSMA

Graphene and its exotic forms have been widely recognized as exceptional materials for gas-sensing applications because of their extraordinary electrical conductivity and large surface area to volume ratios. Herein, chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and zinc oxide-reduced graphene oxide (ZrGO) nanocomposite powders have been successfully synthesized through a simple hydrolysis method followed by annealing in ambient N 2 gas. The reduction of graphene oxide by hydrazine hydrate and the decoration of the graphene surface by ZnO nanoparticles have occurred during the synthesis process. The prepared samples were characterized by various microscopic techniques to explore the surface morphology and uniformity. Spectroscopic techniques were used [a]

Summary In this paper, automatic generation control (AGC) of a two‐area multi‐source power system interconnected via alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) parallel links under restructured power environment is proposed. Each area is equipped with multipower generating sources such as thermal and hydro/gas. To execute the different market contracts in restructured power system, the optimal regulators are designed and implemented using optimal control theory. It is observed that the system dynamic results effectively satisfy the AGC requirements in restructured power system, as well as the system dynamic performance is improved by using AC/DC parallel links in comparison with that obtained with AC link as an area interconnection between the control areas. Furthermore, the eigenvalue study is performed to examine the system stability with and without AC/DC parallel links. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimal regulators is checked for the system under study with physical constraints like time delay, boiler dynamics, generation rate constraints, and governor dead band nonlinearity and variations in system parameters from the nominal values. It is shown that the optimal regulators optimized for linear system are robust enough and work well in the proposed realistic AGC system incorporating physical constraints and wide variations in parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.