Diverse types of microbial surface active amphiphilic molecules are produced by a range of microbial communities. The extraordinary properties of biosurfactant/bioemulsifier (BS/BE) as surface active products allows them to have key roles in various field of applications such as bioremediation, biodegradation, enhanced oil recovery, pharmaceutics, food processing among many others. This leads to a vast number of potential applications of these BS/BE in different industrial sectors. Despite the huge number of reports and patents describing BS and BE applications and advantages, commercialization of these compounds remain difficult, costly and to a large extent irregular. This is mainly due to the usage of chemically synthesized media for growing producing microorganism and in turn the production of preferred quality products. It is important to note that although a number of developments have taken place in the field of BS industries, large scale production remains economically challenging for many types of these products. This is mainly due to the huge monetary difference between the investment and achievable productivity from the commercial point of view. This review discusses low cost, renewable raw substrates, and fermentation technology in BS/BE production processes and their role in reducing the production cost.

A new series of 4-{1-phenyl-4-[(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl]pyrazol-3-yl}quinoline (7a-l) have been synthesized by a click reaction of 4-(4-(azidomethyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) quinoline (5a-d) with a substituted ethynylbenzene. The newly synthesized 1,2,3-triazolyl-pyrazolyl-quinoline derivatives were evaluated for biological activity against Escherichia coli (NCIM 2574), Proteus mirabilis (NCIM 2388), (Gram negative strains), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2063), Staphylococcus albus (NCIM 2178) (Gram positive strains) and in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans (NCIM 3100) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 504). Five 1,2,3-triazolyl-pyrazolyl-quinoline derivatives, 7d, 7 g, 7 h, 7k and 7 l exhibited good antifungal activity against A. niger with MIC 62.5 μg/mL. The compounds 7 h, 7k and 7 l were further evaluated for ergosterol inhibition assay against A. niger cell sample at 62.5 μg/mL concentration. Upon analysis of the sterol inhibition assay, it was revealed that, the ergosterol biosynthesis has decreased in the fungal samples treated with the 1,2,3-triazolyl-pyrazolyl-quinoline derivatives. Thus antimicrobial activity suggested that, these compounds could aid and assist in the development of lead compounds to treat microbial infections.

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