With the development of technologies such as microarrays and RNA deep sequencing, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have become the focus of cancer investigations. LncRNAs, nonprotein-coding RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides, are dysregulated in many human diseases, especially in cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs play a key regulatory role in gene expression and cancer biology through diverse mechanisms, including chromosome remodeling and transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications. The expression levels of specific lncRNAs are attributed to prognosis, metastasis, and recurrence of cancer. LncRNAs are often involved in various biological processes, such as regulation of alternative splicing of mRNA, protein activity, and epigenetic modulation or silencing of the microRNAs, via discrete mechanisms. Deregulated levels of lncRNAs are shown in diverse tumors, including breast cancer. Based on latest research data, the tissue-specific expression signature of lncRNAs may represent the potential to discriminate normal and tumor tissue or even the different stages of breast cancer, which makes them clinically beneficial as possible biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis or therapeutic targets. In this brief review, we summarize some recent researches in the context of lncRNAs' roles in breast cancer pathogenesis and their potential to serve as diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic biomarkers and novel targets for breast cancer treatment.
It may be concluded that carbetocin is a good alternative modality to conventional uterotonic agents such as oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean sections. Registration ID in IRCT: NCT02079558.
We presently report the case of COVID-19 in a 38-year-old male who had come to the primary health care clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, which specializes in the COVID-19 epidemic. He reported having fatigue, myalgia, fever, rash, and loss of taste and smell. The physical findings were maculopapular rash over his trunk, inguinal regions, and left arm, erythema of larynx with an aphthous lesion on left tonsil, he did not have a fever, and respiratory distress symptoms. There were no changes regarding COVID-19 in the spiral lung CT scan. However, the result of PCR for COVID-19 RNA was positive.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) gains access to host cells by attaching to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Vitamin D (VitD) can upregulate ACE2 and has an antagonistic effect on Renin, which exerts a vasodilatation and anti‐inflammatory effect against coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). However, it may also facilitate viral entry by increasing ACE2 as the main SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor and mediates ROS production through NADPH oxidase, as a double‐edged sword effect. Lung function and the immune system are also influenced by VitD through several mechanisms, including increased natural antibiotics (Defensin and Cathelicidin) and upregulated transforming growth factor‐β. A higher IgA, Th2/Th1 ratio, and T‐regulatory cells are attributable to VitD effects on the immune cells, while these changes may also be a double‐edged sword in COVID‐19. Although VitD supplementation might be highly recommended in COVID‐19, the administration's dosage and route could be challenging. Furthermore, this issue has not been mentioned in various studies so far. So, the report aimed to explain the current challenges with the application of VitD in COVID‐19.
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